Leslie Stach

Clinical Diagnoses and Antimicrobials Predictive of Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Recommendations: A Program Evaluation

BACKGROUND The number of pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) is increasing and program evaluation is a key component to improve efficiency and enhance stewardship strategies. OBJECTIVE To determine the antimicrobials and diagnoses most strongly associated with a recommendation provided by a well-established pediatric ASP. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective cohort study from March 3, 2008, to March 2, 2013, of all ASP reviews performed at a free-standing pediatric hospital. METHODS ASP recommendations were classified as follows: stop therapy, modify therapy, optimize therapy, or consult infectious diseases. A multinomial distribution model to determine the probability of each ASP recommendation category was performed on the basis of the specific antimicrobial agent or disease category. A logistic model was used to determine the odds of recommendation disagreement by the prescribing clinician. RESULTS The ASP made 2,317 recommendations: stop therapy (45%), modify therapy (26%), optimize therapy (19%), or consult infectious diseases (10%). Third-generation cephalosporins (0.20) were the antimicrobials with the highest predictive probability of an ASP recommendation whereas linezolid (0.05) had the lowest probability. Community-acquired pneumonia (0.26) was the diagnosis with the highest predictive probability of an ASP recommendation whereas fever/neutropenia (0.04) had the lowest probability. Disagreement with ASP recommendations by the prescribing clinician occurred 22% of the time, most commonly involving community-acquired pneumonia and ear/nose/throat infections. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of our pediatric ASP identified specific clinical diagnoses and antimicrobials associated with an increased likelihood of an ASP recommendation. Focused interventions targeting these high-yield areas may result in increased program efficiency and efficacy.

Clinical Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program on Pediatric Hospitalist Practice, a 5-Year Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Hospitalists increasingly serve as the primary physicians for children hospitalized with infections. Consequently, hospitalists frequently interact with institutional antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). Understanding how these services interact can inform ongoing practice improvement efforts. The objectives of this study were to identify factors associated with ASP recommendations among hospitalist-managed children, and to determine the association of ASP interventions with clinical outcomes for hospitalist-managed patients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed ASP reviews of hospitalist patients from a childrens hospital from March 2008 to June 2013. Clinical factors associated with an ASP recommendation were determined. Length of stay and 30-day readmission were compared between cases of agreement and disagreement with ASP recommendations. RESULTS The ASP reviewed 2163 hospitalist patients, resulting in 350 recommendations (16.2% of reviews). Hospitalists agreed with ASP recommendations in 86.9% of cases. The odds of an ASP recommendation decreased during the study period. Ceftriaxone was the most common antibiotic associated with a recommendation (154/350, 44.0%); community-acquired pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (105/350, 30.0%). Antibiotic discontinuation was the most often recommendation; hospitalists most often disagreed with consulting infectious diseases. Disagreement with ASP recommendations was associated with a decreased length of stay of 15.4 (95% confidence interval -33.2 to 1.1) hours but not 30-day readmission prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric hospitalists and ASPs can form an effective collaboration that improves antibiotic use while providing safe care. Better characterization of the areas of disagreement between hospitalists and ASPs is needed. Future studies are needed to identify ASP strategies that will be beneficial in other hospitalist settings.

Integrating a Rapid Diagnostic Test and Antimicrobial Stewardship: Optimizing Discharge Antibiotics in Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

A rapid test to detect methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus through the penicillin-binding protein 2a antigen was introduced for pediatric patients hospitalized for purulent skin and soft tissue infections. Integration of this test with physician education and stewardship guidance improved targeted antibiotic use for infections caused by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (44%–80%, P < 0.001), including when final culture results were not available.

Preoperative Antibiotic Orders: Protocol-Initiated Pharmacist Order Entry

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibiotic selection of preoperative orders before and after a pharmacist order entry protocol for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of orthopedic surgery procedures on patients with MRSA colonization at a free-standing, academic pediatric hospital, between February 2010 and February 2012. RESULTS: Procedures that were performed pre protocol (n = 27) implementation had a 63% rate of appropriate antibiotic selection compared to 81% in the postprotocol group (n = 32; p = 0.1155). The preprotocol group dose accuracy was 96% compared to 97% in the postprotocol group (p = 0.81). Two procedures, 1 in each group, were redosed appropriately for extended surgery duration. Correct timing of antibiotic administration occurred in 82% of cases pre protocol versus 68% post protocol (p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MRSA colonization had a greater rate of appropriate drug selection after the implementation of a pharmacist-initiated preoperative protocol. Correct antibiotic dose and redose remained consistent between the study groups. Most of the orthopedic procedures performed included patients on antibiotic coverage at steady state for ongoing infections, which impacted the analysis of preoperative timing. Further studies should be conducted to assess whether the increase in the number of appropriate antibiotic selections decreases the rate of postoperative MRSA infections.

377Impact of an Educational Intervention to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in a Pediatric Urgent Care Centers (UCC)

377. Impact of an Educational Intervention to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in a Pediatric Urgent Care Centers (UCC) Gina Weddle, DNP, RN, CPNP; Angela Myers, MD, MPH; Jason Newland, MD; Jennifer Goldman, MD; J. Christopher Day, MD; Leslie Stach, PharmD, BCPS; Diana Yu, PharmD, BCPS; Infectious Disease, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kc, MO; Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO; Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL

Antibiotic Management of Animal Bites in Children During the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Era

Children presenting to an emergency department following an animal bite were found to be at risk for infection if they had puncture wounds, crush wounds, or were bitten by a cat. Of the infected wounds that were cultured, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was not isolated as a pathogen.