Lies Mira Yusiati

In Vitro Digestibilities of Six Rumen Protected Fat-Protein Supplement Formulas

Abstract . The aim of the research was to evaluate the efficacy of protection method of rumen protected fat-protein supplements. In vitro digestibility test was carried out to examine nutrients digestibility of different supplement formula based on the sources of protein and oil. The research used two sources of fat namely crude palm oil (CPO) and fish oil (FO) and three sources of protein namely milk skim, soy flour, and soybean meal. Thus there were 6 combinations that subjected in the in vitro digestibility test. The observed variables were the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude fat (CF), and crude protein (CP). Results indicated that the method for protecting protein and fat was effective. This was showed by low nutrients digestibility in the rumen and high nutrients digestibility in the post rumen. In conclusion the combination between skim milk and CPO gave the best results among the other supplement formula. Keywords : rumen protected nutrient, fat-protein supplement, rumen digestibility, in vitro Animal Production 14(1):1-5, January 2012

Flow of Nucleic Acids from the Rumen and Recovery of Purine Derivatives in the Urine of Cattle and Buffaloes

An experiment was conducted to determine the flow of nucleic acids from the rumen to duodenum. Two duodenal-cannulated each of male Ongole cattle and buffaloes aged three to four years were used and fed a mixture of king grass and rice bran (70:30 DM basis). At 95% and 60% of the voluntary intake in three weeks each before morning feeding period. Cr-mordanted alfalfa was used as a marker. The excretion of allantoin, uric acid, purine derivatives, and creatinine and the PDC index were higher in cattle than buffaloes at both levels of intake (P <0.05). There were no difference between cattle and buffaloes with regard to the flow of RNA when expressed on digestible organic matter intake (DOMI), flow rate of RNA/kg DOMI, or flow rate of crude protein/kg DOMI. It can be concluded that the differences in urine excretion of purine derivatives between cattle and buffalo is not due to the differences in the amount of rumen microbial protein synthesis, but due to differences in purine metabolism between cattle and buffaloes.

Effect of Different Rumen Undegraded Protein Level on Feed Consumption, Nutrient Digestion, Body Weight and Body Condition Score in Early Lactating Dairy Cattle

The objective of this study was to determine effect of different rumen undegraded protein level on feed consumption, nutrient digestion, body weight and body condition score in early lactating dairy cattle. Ten Friesian Holstein cows were divided into two groups (five animals were used as control and another group as treatment object). Diets were forages and concentrates with ratio of 60:40, DM basis. The cows feed after parturition until 100 days of lactation. The control group concentrate diets containing Crude Protein (CP) 18.55%, Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) 56.94% and Rumen Undegraded Protein (RUP) 5.10 CP%, while the treatment group concentrate diets containing Crude Protein (CP) 18.83%, Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) 58,91% and Rumen Undegraded Protein (RUP) 6.17 CP%. Drinking water was given by ad libitum. The comparison results between the two conditions (control and treatment) were tested using independent t-test analysis. Results indicated that nutrient intake and digestion (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract), body weight and body condition score were not significant. The conclusion is supplementation with different rumen undegraded protein level on early lactating dairy cattle could not increase feed consumption, nutrient digestion, body weight and body condition score.

Protein Binding Capacity of Different Forages Tannin

Eight forages of tannin sources(Leucaena leucocephala, Arachis hypogaea, Mimosa pudica, Morus alba L, Swietenia mahagoni, Manihot esculenta, Gliricidia sepium, and Bauhinia purpurea)were evaluated their tannin content and protein binding capacity. The protein binding capacity of tannin were determined using precipitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Swietenia mahagonihas higest total tannin level and condensed tannin (CT) compared with other forages (P<0.01). The Leucaena leucocephala has highest hydrolysable tannin (HT) level (P<0.01). The total and condensed tannin content of Swietenia mahagoni were 11.928?0.04 mg/100 mg and 9.241?0.02mg/100mg dry matter (DM) of leaves. The hydrolysable tannin content of Leucaena leucocephala was 5.338?0.03 mg/100 mg DM of leaves. Binding capacity was highest in Swietenia mahagoni and Leucaena leucocephala compared to the other forages (P<0.01). The optimum binding of BSA to tannin in Leucaena leucocephala and Swietenia mahagoniwere1.181?0.44 and 1.217?0.60mg/mg dry matter of leaves. The present study reports that Swietenia mahagoni has highest of tannin content and Leucaena leucocephala and Swietenia mahagoni capacity of protein binding.

Digestibility of Complete Feed with Addition of Vitamin E in Female Bligon Goat

Twelve female Bligon goats, age 18 m and with body weight of 18.75 ± 2.51 kg, were used in this experiment to determine the effect of vitamin E addition on complete feed digestibility. The animals were placed in individual metabolism cage and divided into three groups, namely, R0, diet without addition of vitamin E as a control (basal diet); R1, basal diet +0.75 g (17 IU) dl-α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E); and R2, basal diet +1.125 g (20 IU) dl-α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E). This experiment was performed for 6 weeks of diet adaptation and 12 d of collection period. During collection period, the amount of feed offered, refusal feed, feces, and urine excreted were recorded, and samples were taken for nitrogen analysis. Nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen excreted, and urinary nitrogen excretion were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance using one-way completely randomized design followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The result showed that addition of vitamin E increased dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) intake significantly. There were no significant differences of digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract as an effect of vitamin E addition, while crude protein digestibility increased significantly. It could be concluded that addition of vitamin E to the diets of female Bligon goat at the level of 17 IU was recommended.

Sperm Quality of Gembrong Goat in Bali Before and After Freezing

This research aims to study the sperm characteristics of Gembrong goat in Bali before and after freezing, using citrate-egg yolk (CEY) and tris-egg yolk (TEY) diluents. The sperm of six goats was collected using an artificial vagina. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the use of CEY and TEY diluents on motility, viability, and abnormalities of spermatozoa neither before nor after freezing. Before freezing, motility was CEY 85 ± 3.5, TEY 85 ± 2.1; viability was CEY 90 ± 3.5, TEY 92 ± 2.1; and abnormalities were CEY 11 ± 3.5, TEY 10 ± 2, 1, while after freezing, motility was CEY 45 ± 3.5 b, TEY 46 ± 4.1; viability was CEY 70 ± 3.5, TEY 72 ± 4.1; and abnormalities were CEY 15 ± 3.5, TEY 16 ± 4.1. However, the freezing process significantly (p < 0.01) lowered sperm quality in terms of motility, viability, and abnormalities, both for CEY and TEY diluents. In CEY diluent, motility before was 85 ± 3.5 and after was 45 ± 3.5, viability before was 90 ± 3.5 and after was 70 ± 3.5, and abnormalities before were 11 ± 3.5 and after were 15 ± 3.5. In TEY diluent, motility before was 85 ± 2.1 and after was 46 ± 4.1, viability before was 92 ± 2.1 and after was 72 ± 4.1, and abnormalities before were 10 ± 2.1 and after were 16 ± 4.1. Dilution and freezing of Gembrong goat sperm using citrate-egg yolk and tris-egg yolk showed no significant differences, but the freezing process caused a decline in sperm quality.

The Effect of Vitamin E Addition in the Diet on Blood Profile of Female Bligon Goat

This research aimed to determine the effect of vitamin E addition level in the diet on blood profile of female Bligon goat. Twelve-month-old female Bligon goats were used in this research and divided into three groups, namely, R0 = diet without addition of vitamin E as a control (basal diet), R1 = basal diet +0.75 g (17 IU) dl-α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E), and R2 = basal diet +1.125 g (20 IU) dl-α-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E). Feed was given ad libitum twice a day. Blood collection was performed from vena jugularis of the goats after 3 months diet adaptation. The observed variables were feed nutrient consumption including dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, extract ether, and nitrogen-free extract; blood profile including hemoglobin, packed cell volume, leukocyte, and erythrocyte; blood indices; and differential leukocyte count. Data were examined by analysis of variance using completely randomized design with one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Result showed that vitamin E addition as much as 17 IU and 20 IU had no effect on blood profile of Bligon goat. It could be concluded that addition of vitamin E to the complete feed diet was not required to maintain the normal blood profile of Bligon goat.

Shrimp Waste Fermentation by Isoptericola sp. Strain A10-1 as a Feed Ingredient for Improving Yield Carcass and Performance of Magelang Duck

Shrimp waste can be utilized as feed in an effort to reduce environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. Magelang ducks are one of the sources of Indonesian germplasm. The purpose of this research was the use of fermented shrimp waste by Isoptericola sp. bacterial chitin biodegradation as duck feed compound to improve the performance and carcass quality. The research consisted of seven treatment feeds, namely, R0 = concentrate feed as a control, R1 = shrimp waste non-fermented (SWNF) 5%, R2 = (SWNF) 10%, R3 = (SWNF) 15%, R4 = shrimp waste fermentation (SWF) 5%, R5 = (SWF) 10%, and R6 = (SWF) 15%. Each treatment was repeated five times in four enclosure flocks (seven treatment feeds × five replicates × four blocks) for 140 ducks. Feed and water was given ad libitum. The inoculum with Isoptericola sp. (3 × 106 cfu/kg) has a fermentation time (7 days) at room temperature 28 °C to 33 °C. The addition of shrimp waste fermentation levels 5%, 10%, and 15% did not differ significantly on the performance of Magelang ducks, i.e., live body weight, carcass percentage, body weight gain, and feed conversion, and also did not degrade the performance of Magelang ducks.

Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T Heterotrophic and Aerobic Ammonium Removal for Potential Livestock’s Wastewater Treatment

Alcaligenes spp. was found to have the ability to grow and remove ammonium in the medium through the nitrification-denitrification process. This ability was also known as an ammonium treatment in organic wastewater including livestock’s wastewater. In order to further understand its potential to remove ammonium in livestock’s wastewater, microbial growth, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate production of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T were investigated in phosphate medium at different carbon/nitrogen ratios (C/N ratios) along with constant airflow. Ammonium sulfate was used as sole nitrogen source with acetate and citrate as an organic carbon source in a separate medium. Results showed that Alcaligenes sp. LS2T could utilize ammonium as sole nitrogen source which associated with acetate and citrate as carbon source at different C/N ratios, resulting in ammonium removal and production of nitrite and nitrate at various concentrations in the medium. The highest ammonium removal was found in the acetate C/N 28 medium where 94.44% of initial ammonium was removed.

Purine Derivative Excretion and Recovery of 14C-Uric Acid in Urine of Ongole Cattle Given Different Levels of Feed Intake

The microbial protein supply to ruminants can be estimated based on the amount of purine derivatives (PD) excreted in the urine. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the purine derivatives method for Ongole cattle. In the first experiment, 4 four-year old male Ongole cattle (Bos indicus) were used to calibrate the PD technique using the most common locally available feed at four levels of intake (95, 80, 60 and 40% of voluntary intake). The diet consisted of king grass and rice bran (70:30 on DM basis). The cattle at the level of 95% intake were injected with [14C]-uric acid in a single dose to define the renal:non-renal partitioning ratio of plasma PD excreted in the urine. The results showed that PD excretion responded positively to the level of feed intake. The relative proportion of urinary allantoin and uric acid to PD excretion was 0.87 and 0.13 respectively. The proportion of urea N to total N ranged from 83 to 93%. The glomerular filtration rate and tubular load of PD increased due to the increasing level of feed intake. Nitrogen balance became negative when the level of feed intake decreased to 60%. The proportion of plasma PD excreted in the urine was 0.67.