Liliana Zalizniak

The salinity tolerance of freshwater macroinvertebrate eggs and hatchlings in comparison to their older life-stages: a diversity of responses - The salinity tolerance of freshwater macroinvertebrate eggs and hatchlings

The tolerance to high salinity of older life stage macroinvertebrates could underestimate the effects of increasing salinity on freshwater macroinvertebrates. The salinity tolerance of the eggs and/or hatchlings of Glyptophysa gibbosa (Planorbidae), Glyptophysa aliciae, Glacidorbis sp. (Glacidorbidae), a Glossiponiidae, Piona cumberlandis (Pionidae), and Chironomus sp. (Chironomidae) were determined. The salinity tolerances of younger life-stages of species studied here and elsewhere were then compared to salinity tolerances of their mature aquatic or dominant life-stage. A diversity of responses have been observed with some species having similar salinity tolerances in all life-stages examined, whilst the eggs or hatchlings of other species had salinity tolerances ranging from 4% to 88% of their older life stages. On present knowledge, this diversity of responses presents some difficulties for simple rules of thumb to approximate sensitivity of young life-stages of freshwater macroinvertebrates inferred from their dominant stage’s tolerance.

Is all salinity the same? I. The effect of ionic compositions on the salinity tolerance of five species of freshwater invertebrates

Salts of marine origin, predominantly consisting of Na+ and Cl- ions, are dominant in most Australian inland saline waters. The proportions of other ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42–, HCO3- and CO32–, in the water may influence salinity tolerance of freshwater organisms and thus the effect of increasing salinity may vary with difference in ionic proportions. We exposed freshwater invertebrates to different concentrations of four ionic compositions and compared them with commercial sea salt (Ocean Nature). They were: synthetic Ocean Nature (ONS) and three saline water types (ONS but without: SO42–, HCO3- and CO32– (S1); Ca2+, HCO3- and CO32– (S2); and Ca2+ and Mg2+ (S3)), which are considered to be the predominant saline water types in south-eastern Australia and the Western Australian wheatbelt. The 96-h LC50 values for the five media were determined for six invertebrate species and sub-lethal responses were observed for two species. There were no differences between responses of invertebrates to various ionic compositions in acute toxicity tests. However, in prolonged sub-lethal tests, animals reacted differently to the various ionic compositions. The greatest effect was observed in water types lacking Ca, for which plausible physiological mechanisms exist. Variation in ionic proportions should be taken into account when considering sub-lethal effects of salinity on freshwater invertebrates.

How are macroinvertebrates of slow flowing lotic systems directly affected by suspended and deposited sediments

The effects of suspended and deposited sediments on the macroinvertebrates are well documented in upland streams but not in slower flowing lowland rivers. Using species found in lowland lotic environments, we experimentally evaluate mechanisms for sediments to affect macroinvertebrates, and in one experiment whether salinity alters the effect of suspended sediments. Suspended kaolin clay reduced feeding of Ischnura heterosticta (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) at high turbidity (1000-1500 NTU) but had no effects on feeding of Hemianax papuensis (Odonata: Aeshnidae) and Micronecta australiensis (Hemiptera: Corixidae). In freshwater (0.1 mS/cm), survival of Ischnura aurora was poor in clear water, but improved with suspended kaolin. Growth and feeding of I. aurora were unaffected by suspended sediments and salinity. Burial (1-5 mm) of eggs with kaolin or sand reduced hatching in Physa acuta (Gastropoda: Physidae), Gyraulus tasmanica (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) and Chironomus cloacalis (Diptera: Chironomidae). Settling sediments may pose greater risk to lowland lotic invertebrates than suspended sediments.

Colonisation and succession of marine biofilm-dwelling ciliate assemblages on biocidal antifouling and fouling-release coatings in temperate Australia

Ciliate assemblages are often overlooked, but ubiquitous components of microbial biofilms which require a better understanding. Ciliate, diatom and bacterial colonisation were evaluated on two fouling-release (FR) coatings, viz. Intersleek 970 and Hempasil X3, and two biocidal antifouling (AF) coatings, viz. Intersmooth 360 and Interspeed 5640, in Port Phillip Bay, Australia. A total of 15 genera were identified during the 10 week deployment. Intersleek 970 displayed the most rapid fouling by ciliates, reaching 63.3(± 5.9) cells cm−2. After 10 weeks, all four coatings were extensively fouled. However, the toxicity of the AF coatings still significantly inhibited microbial fouling compared to the FR coatings. On all treatments, colonies of sessile peritrichs dominated the ciliate assemblage in the early stage of succession, but as the biofilm matured, vagile ciliates exerted more influence on the assemblage structure. The AF coatings showed selective toxic effects, causing significant differences in the ciliate species assemblages among the treatments.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of nitroalkenyl arenes

We report here on the synthesis of substituted nitroalkenyl arenes and their evaluation for microbiological activity and for development as anti-infective drugs. Twenty compounds, based on the nitropropenyl benzene structure (1), were synthesized, chemically characterized and investigated for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to bacteria and fungi and for toxicity to zebrafish eggs and embryos for comparative evaluation of potential mammalian toxicity. The compounds were broadly antimicrobial, with greater activity overall against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi and less against enteric Gram-negative rods. The antimicrobial activity spectrum of the compounds varied greatly. Two compounds, 14 (5-[(E)-2-nitroprop-1-enyl]-1,3-benzodioxole) and 9 ((4-[(E)-2-nitroprop-1-enyl]-1-fluorobenzene), were the most broadly antimicrobial. The chemical groups most closely associated with microbial toxicity were the β-nitropropenyl side chain, fluoro, methylenedioxy and thiazole substitutions on the benzene ring. Thirteen compounds inhibited hatching of zebrafish eggs at concentrations ≤6 µg/mL. Egg toxicity did not correlate with inhibition of microbial growth or with rodent toxicity where data were available. Four compounds were investigated for effect on zebrafish embryonic development. The major effect observed was reduction of heart rate at 24 h with minimal or no morphological abnormalities at the highest doses. It is hypothesised that this series of compounds act as tyrosine mimetics, inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and interfering with cell signaling in microorganisms. The data confirms the diversity in function and distribution of bacterial PTPs and the potential for the design of further nitroalkenyl arenes active against specific pathogens.