Lilliam Flores

GLP-1 and the long-term outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects.

Objective:To evaluate the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion and the long-term (>2 years) outcome of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP). Methods:Cross-sectional study in 18 T2DM morbidly obese subjects who underwent RYGBP but differed in the long-term outcome of T2DM (remission: G1, n = 6; relapse: G2, n = 6; lack of remission: G3: n = 6). Groups were matched for their sex, age, and body mass index. The GLP-1, glucose, C-peptide, and glucagon responses to a standardized test meal (STM) were evaluated. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were estimated from the STM and by frequently sampling intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess body composition. Results:Patients in G1 presented a lower area under the curve (AUC0–120) of glucose in response to the STM as compared with G2, and G3 (P < 0.01). In contrast, the AUC0–120 of GLP-1 (P = 0.884) and glucagon (P = 0.630) did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Indices of insulin secretion adjusted by the prevailing insulin sensitivity derived from STM and FSIVGTT, demonstrated larger &bgr;-cell function in subjects in G1 as compared with G2 or G3 (Disposition Index-STM, P = 0.005; DI-FSIVGTT, P = 0.006). Body composition and inflammatory markers did not differ significantly among the 3 study groups. Conclusions:Our data show that in subjects with T2DM an enhanced GLP-1 response to meal intake is not sufficient to maintain normal glucose tolerance in the long term after RYGBP. Our data suggest that &bgr;-cell function is a key determinant of the long-term remission of T2DM after this bariatric surgery technique.

Remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy is associated with a distinct glycemic profile.

BACKGROUND Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have been associated with a high remission rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether such remission is associated with full restoration of postprandial glucose profile and/or the potentially nonrestored glycemic profile is associated with altered beta cell function, and relapse of T2DM over time is unknown. METHODS Cross-sectional studies comparing (1) glucose and proinsulin/insulin response to a standardized liquid mixed meal (SLMM) challenge (n = 31), (2) glucose response in normal living conditions assessed using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (n = 16), and prospective observational study comparing (3) rates of relapse of T2DM after surgery (n = 232) in subjects with remission of T2DM ensuing RYGBP or SG. RESULTS In RYGB individuals, SLMM elicited faster and sharper rise in plasma glucose compared with SG, with 88.2% and 42.9% of the study subjects presenting respectively a peak glucose more than 180 mg/dL (all, P < 0.05). During CGM, average percent time in hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic range was larger in RYGBP (respectively, 4.6% and 12.7%) compared with SG subjects (respectively, 0.4% and 3.2%; both P < 0.05). However, (1) no differences were found in fasting or stimulated proinsulin/insulin ratio, and (2) higher rates of T2DM relapse were observed after SG (hazard ratio: 2.339; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Remission of T2DM after RYGBP and SG is associated with distinct glycemic profiles. However, longer time spent in hyperglycemia and in hypoglycemia after RYGBP compared with SG is not associated with persistence of altered beta cell function or higher rates of relapse of T2DM over time.

Transforming growth factor β1 at clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. A pilot study

Aims  The aims of the study were to determine whether transforming growth factor β1 TGF‐β1 levels are raised at diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus and are related to blood glucose.

Hypertension remission 1 year after bariatric surgery: predictive factors

BACKGROUND There is scarce information about predictive factors of hypertension (HT) remission after bariatric surgery (BS). The aims of this study were to determine the clinical characteristics differentiating obese patients with and without HT and to evaluate the predictive factors associated with the risk of persistence of HT after BS. PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 2007 to December 2009, a review of patients who had undergone BS was performed. Patients were classified as hypertensive if having permanent use of antiHT drugs or clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg. Weight, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure were determined with standardized procedures. RESULTS Five hundred twenty-6 patients met the inclusion criteria; 264 (50%) were hypertensive, 74 (34%) of whom had type 2 diabetes. Before BS, older age, male gender, and greater WC differentiated hypertensive from normotensive patients. The prevalence of HT significantly fell to 35% (P<.0001) at 12 months after BS. The use of multivariate logistic regression showed that age ≥ 40, male gender and WC ≥ 130 cm were significant predictors of having HT before surgery. Regarding persistence of HT at the 12-month follow-up, the only independent predictors observed were time since diagnosis of HT ≥ 10 years and the number of antiHT drugs used. Presurgical BMI, WC, excess weight (EW), EW loss, surgical procedure, type 2 diabetes, and vitamin D status were not significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery is associated with a high rate of HT remission. Older age, male gender, and higher WC differentiated hypertensive-obese from normotensive patients. After BS, longer duration and severity of HT were independently associated with no remission of HT.

Relevance of beta-cell function for improved glycemic control after gastric bypass surgery

BACKGROUND Residual beta-cell function and gastrointestinal hormones have been suggested as relevant determinants of improved glycemic control ensuing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The objective of this study was to compare the glycemic control up to 24 months after RYGB in C-peptide negative morbidly obese (MO) type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1 DM) women (n = 7) and C-peptide positive (>.6 ng/mL) MO women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM, n = 7) on basal-bolus insulin therapy. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucagon response to a mixed meal challenge were also compared between groups. METHODS Percent excess weight loss (%EWL), HbA1c, and daily insulin dose (DID) after RYGB were compared between groups. The GLP-1 and glucagon response (area under the curve 0-120 minutes) after a mixed meal at last follow-up visit were also compared. RESULTS At 24-months, marked %EWL was observed in women with T1 DM and women with T2 DM (mean±standard error, 82.6% ± 11.3% and 87.4% ± 30.5%, respectively; P = .722]. In women with T1 DM, HbA1c (4 months, P<.05) and DID improved transiently (P<.05, up to 8 months) but were comparable to baseline thereafter (HbA1c: baseline, 8.3 ± 1.2 and 24 months, 8.2 ± .9, P = 1.00; DID: baseline, .61 ± .17 and 24 months .62 ± .12 IU/kg/d, P = 1.00]. In contrast, in MO women with T2 DM, HbA1c decreased significantly throughout follow-up, with 2 patients presenting diabetes remission and all but one an HbA1c<7% at 24 months. The GLP-1 response was comparable between groups (P = .612), and was not accompanied by suppression of the glucagon response to meal intake. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of residual beta-cell, RYGB results in no significant benefit on glycemic control, despite a marked response of GLP-1 to meal intake.

The effects of smoking and its cessation on 8‐epi‐PGF2α and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background  Oxidative stress and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) are associated with diabetic complications, and smoking is a risk factor.

Hypoglycaemia after pancreas transplantation: usefulness of a continuous glucose monitoring system

Abstract: Background: After pancreas transplantation (PTx) some patients report occasional symptoms of hypoglycaemia and at times, serious hypoglycaemia. Continuous blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) allows determination of the daily glucose profile and detection of unrecognized hypoglycaemia. The aims of our study were to determine the incidence of hypoglycaemia in PTx and evaluate whether the use of CBGM helps to detect unrecognized nocturnal hypoglycaemia.

Inflammation and iron status in bariatric surgery candidates

BACKGROUND Iron homeostasis is disturbed by the systemic inflammation commonly encountered in morbid obesity. However, inflammatory markers have seldom been considered in studies investigating the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) in bariatric surgery (BS) candidates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of ID and anemia with ID in BS candidates, accounting for inflammatory status as measured using high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and to further characterize indices of iron status in BS candidates with systemic inflammation. PATIENTS AND METHODS On the basis of ferritin, hemoglobin, and hs-CRP levels, iron status was categorized in 803 (85%) of 947 consecutive BS candidates. Ferritin<12 ng/mL in females and<15 ng/mL in males irrespective of hs-CRP level was classified as absolute-ID, whereas ferritin between those thresholds and 100 ng/mL was categorized as functional-ID (FID) if hs-CRP>3 mg/L. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin<12 or<13 g/dL in females and males, respectively. Additional iron and hematological indices were assessed in patients with FID. RESULTS Prevalence of absolute- and functional-ID was 8.7 and 52.5%, respectively. Anemia was found in 11.2% of the cohort, 80% of which were associated with ID. Among patients with FID, transferrin saturation (T-Sat)<20% was common (70.0%) and associated with larger impairment of hematological indices. CONCLUSION The data show that when hs-CRP as inflammatory marker and ferritin as iron index are considered, impaired iron status could be identified in approximately two thirds of BS candidates. Furthermore, T-Sat<20%, especially along with ferritin<30 ng/mL, appear to be practical cut-offs to identify patients with FID with larger iron status impairment.

Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery for Obesity

Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) leads to weight loss in obese individuals and reduces comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. MBS is superior to medical therapy in reducing hyperglycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes, and has been associated with reduced mortality and incidences of cardiovascular events and cancer in obese individuals. New guidelines have been proposed for the use of MBS in persons with type 2 diabetes. We review the use of MBS as a treatment for obesity and obesity-related conditions and, based on recent evidence, propose that health care systems make the appropriate changes to increase accessibility for eligible patients.

Longitudinal changes of blood pressure after weight loss: factors involved

BACKGROUND The combination of obesity and hypertension (HT) places patients at a higher risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes and raises the need to establish the pathogenic mechanisms of this relationship. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of important weight loss on longitudinal changes in blood pressure (BP) and investigate the pathogenic factors associated with these changes. METHODS We performed a prospective, open-label study including 37 obese hypertensive patients (28 females, mean age 52±8 yr) undergoing BS. Before BS, and at 4 and 12 months postoperatively, the body mass index (BMI), 24-h ambulatory BP, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS: plasma rennin activity, aldosterone, angiotensin II, and angiotensin converting enzyme), sympathetic nervous system (SNS: metanephrines, normetanephrines, and norepinephrine) components, leptin, insulin, and abdominal fat were measured. RESULTS Before BS, HT-duration was 6±6 years, the BMI 45±5 kg/m2 and excess weight (EBW) was 53±12 kg. At 12 months, the excess BMI loss was 14 kg/m2 and the EBW loss was 70 %; HT remission was observed in 70%; 24-h (systolic 19±13/diastolic 7±9 mm Hg), day and night BP levels and aldosterone, norepinephrine, leptin, insulin, subcutaneous and visceral abdominal fat (VAT) significantly decreased (P<.05). Mixed models for repeated measures revealed that HT-duration, baseline BP, BMI, and VAT area were the main variables associated with longitudinal changes in BP. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the hypotensive response after weight loss in severely hypertensive obese patients is mainly regulated by HT-duration, baseline BP, BMI and VAT area, independently of suppression of hyperinsulinemia or changes in RAAS and SNS components.