Lindemberg Lima Fernandes

Modelagem Sísmica via métodos das diferenças finitas: caso da bacia do Amazonas

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados da modelagem sismica em meios com fortes descontinuidades de propriedades fisicas, com enfase na existencia de difracoes e multiplas reflexoes, tendo a Bacia do Amazonas como referencia a modelagem. As condicoes de estabilidade e de fronteiras utilizadas no calculo do campo de ondas sismicas foram analisadas numericamente pelo metodo das diferencas finitas, visando melhor compreensao e controle da interpretacao de dados sismicos. A geologia da Bacia do Amazonas e constituida por rochas sedimentares depositadas desde o Ordoviciano ate o Recente que atingem espessuras da ordem de 5 km. Os corpos de diabasio, presentes entre os sedimentos paleozoicos, estao dispostos na forma de soleiras, alcancam espessuras de centenas de metros e perfazem um volume total de aproximadamente 90000 Km³. A ocorrencia de tais estruturas e responsavel pela existencia de reflexoes multiplas durante a propagacao da onda sismica o que impossibilita melhor interpretacao dos horizontes refletores que se encontram abaixo destas soleiras. Para representar situacoes geologicas desse tipo foram usados um modelo (sintetico) acustico de velocidades e um codigo computacional elaborado via metodo das diferencas finitas com aproximacao de quarta ordem no espaco e no tempo da equacao da onda. A aplicacao dos metodos de diferencas finitas para o estudo de propagacao de ondas sismicas melhorou a compreensao sobre a propagacao em meios onde existem heterogeneidades significativas, tendo como resultado boa resolucao na interpretacao dos eventos de reflexao sismica em areas de interesse. Como resultado dos experimentos numericos realizados em meio de geologia complexa, foi observada a influencia significativa das reflexoes multiplas devido a camada de alta velocidade, isto provocou maior perda de energia e dificultou a interpretacao dos alvos. Por esta razao recomenda-se a integracao de dados de superficie com os de poco, com o objetivo de obter melhor imagem dos alvos abaixo das soleiras de diabasio.

Use of rainwater for non-potable purposes in the Amazon

AbstractnThe Brazilian Amazon has about 69xa0% of available freshwater in Brazil, an amount that ends up creating the illusion that no lack of water and not lacking in the region, the large supply of this resource becomes a problem when it comes to the Management and Planning Water Resources in the Amazon, according to the wasteful use and lack of maintenance of stocks, compounded by the release of untreated wastewater. Speaking of water conservation programs in the Amazon a few decades ago and still today, with less intensity, is somewhat strange, given the large amount of water available and the culture of abundance. Thus, this research discusses the importance of the use of rainwater for non-potable purposes, since the potential for exploitation, throughout the year, due to this high rainfall in the Amazon region, ranging from, on average, 119.6xa0mm in months from November to 441.6xa0mm in March. The methods used for sizing of the reservoir were the Rippl and interactive, and economic viability checking done by the methods of net present value and discounted payback. As a result, there was a volume exceeding 1,000xa0m³ obtained by the method of Rippl, while the interactive method was a maximum of 75xa0m³. The economic viability presented fragile as a function of time to return exceeds the useful life of the utilization system for rainwater.

Proposal of rainwater harvesting coefficient (RWHC) for determination of effectively usable rainfall depth, relevant to rainwater harvesting systems design

The study measures rainfall data to determine a rainwater harvesting coefficient revelant to rainwater harvesting and catchment projects assisted by non-parametric statistics tests, based on assumption that part of the total rainfall depth is discarded. The analyses of historical rainfall series shows that the city of Belem presents large potential to promote rainwater harvesting, with a rainy season and a less rainy season during the year. The results present an average of one rainfall event per day, from January 2001 to December 2011, and of which around 38% is used only for washing the rainwater harvesting system. The Anderson-Darling test revealed a non-adherence of the rainfall series to a normal distribution and according to the Mann-Kendall test, there was no significant trend in the evaluated series. After the calculation of the effective rainfall, determination of coefficients, application of the Anderson-Darling normality test and the Kruskal-Wallis variance test, it was proposed a rainwater harvesting coefficient of 0.78 for the city of Belém, Brasil.

Indicadores sócio-econômico-ambiental: Cenários de três municípios brasileiros com presença de Usina Hidrelétrica, com ênfase ao município de Altamira-Pará.

Este artigo aborda o cenario socio-economico-ambiental dos municipios Altamira, Tucurui e Foz do Iguacu e a interface com a presenca de Usina Hidreletrica. A enfase para Altamira se potencializou devido nenhum outro municipio da Amazonia estar passando por um processo mudancas que sao determinantes para sociedade local. Grande parte dessas mudancas se deve as politicas publicas, com destaque para Usina Hidreletrica de Belo Monte, um dos maiores empreendimentos de producao energia hidraulica do mundo, em construcao a montante do Rio Xingu. Neste contexto, objetivou-se analisar o panorama social, economico, ambiental e de saneamento basico do municipio de Altamira-PA, por meio de analise de indicadores, alem de evidenciar as mudancas provenientes da construcao da Usina Hidreletrica de Belo Monte. A metodologia desenvolvida nesta pesquisa baseou-se na identificacao, coleta de dados, selecao e quantificacao de indicadores presentes em bancos de dados disponiveis em ambientes digitais oficiais. A tendencia futura de Altamira sera semelhante ao ocorrido com Tucurui, que alavancou economicamente durante a construcao da Usina Hidreletrica e posteriormente apresentou indicadores inferiores. Diferentemente, ocorreu em Foz do Iguacu, que apos a construcao da Usina de Itaipu, o municipio nao dependeu apenas nos royalties da energia gerada e sim investiu no lazer e turismo.

Hydrological characterization of the Araguaia River through reference flows

This study examined the hydrological behavior of the Araguaia River through reference flow, analyzing the capacity of granting the river segments in three different fluviometric stations. The study exposed the comparison of monthly and annual reference flow, considering a hydrological series of 33xa0years. Consequently, it was proposed seasonal flow comparing to the methodology of annual reference flow for water grants in national rivers. The adoption of the annual reference flow restricts the grants of water use in most of the time, because the proposal of monthly and seasonalxa0Q95% in the rainy period for grants processes showed much higher values. The proposal of monthly and seasonal reference flows to grant the multiple right of use of water may be the most adequate for power generation, because it presents the inherent characteristics of the flows of each month and per period, respectively. However, the use of seasonality for grants must be analyzed along with the environmental aspect of the river basin concerning to the damage of aquatic life of the Araguaia River.

POTENCIAL DE APROVEITAMENTO DE ÁGUA DE CHUVA NA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ - BELÉM/PA

The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential of rainwater harvesting in the Federal University of Para (UFPA), as well as the potable water savings by using rainwater, contributing to the management and sustainable resource planning water in the region. For this, the areas of the buildings of Basic and Professional Sector of university were raised. A time series of rainfall with 46 years of observations to the city of Belem was used. Water consumption in the two colletive bathrooms was monitored and was estimated in other buildings. The results show that due to high rainfall and large catchment areas, the UFPa has a real and positive potential for rainwater utilization as an alternative supply, since it was found that in the rainy season economics drinking water by rainwater use presented percentages greater than 100%, which demonstrates a great alternative to water savings provided by the universitys supply system.

MAPEAMENTO DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DO SOLO EM UMA PEQUENA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DA AMAZÔNIA

A presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma pequena bacia hidrografica da Amazonia, a bacia do igarape da Prata (BHP) localizada no municipio de Capitao Poco – PA, e objetivou mapear e avaliar os diferentes usos e ocupacoes do solo na BHP, contribuindo para o planejamento ambiental e gestao dos recursos hidricos, subsidiando informacoes para futuros trabalhos realizados nesta area. As bases cartograficas utilizadas foram do projeto TerraClass desenvolvido pelo INPE em parceria com a EMBRAPA. Para a area da BHP foi utilizada a orbita-ponto 222/61. Assim, com o auxilio do software ArcGIS, foi elaborado o mapa de uso e ocupacao do solo da bacia, utilizando dados do mapeamento do TerraClass referentes aos anos de 2008, 2010 e 2012. A BHP ao longo dos anos teve a sua vegetacao natural bastante modificada o que a caracteriza como uma area consideravelmente antropizada, apresentando um intenso uso do solo pelas praticas agropecuarias. Conforme os dados de uso e ocupacao do solo, constatou-se que as classes de pastagens e vegetacao secundaria sao predominantes durante todo o periodo analisado na BHP, em funcao da bacia ainda conservar caracteristicas tipicamente rurais, apesar de comecar a apresentar um pequeno contexto urbano a partir de 2012

DIAGNÓSTICO DO SERVIÇO DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA NA PERCEPÇÃO DO USUÁRIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE BARCARENA-PARÁ

This study aimed to diagnose the water supply system of the district of Barcarena-Para, through the user’s perception. Questionnaires were applied in 166 homes in the years 2013 and 2014. The data collected were treated by statistical methods. According to the results it was found that a large proportion of the sample (66%) do not have access or does not use the public service of water supply and individual wells is the solution used. The survey also revealed that factors such as disruption in the water supply system (69%) and inadequate water quality (90%) may be responsible for seeking alternative sources of supply. In the view of the users water presents undesirable characteristics such as color and flavor and this factor causes the consumption of bottled water, reaching 58% of the sample. Therefore, the methodology for evaluating the system from the user’s perception was an important tool for managing, planning and system credibility.