Lior Gideon

Handbook of survey methodology for the social sciences

AcknowledgmentIntroductionClassification of surveysSurvey Ethics: What are we Allowed to do in Survey ResearchThe Salient Bias in Survey Research: Total Survey Error (TSE)Common Survey Sampling TechniquesFrames, Framing effects, and Survey ResponseThe Art of Question PhrasingInterviewingUnit nonresponse due to refusalControling for response error, and quality of responseWhy do people agree to participate in surveysRespondents Coopertation: Demographic profile of survey respondents and its implications Effects of incentives in surveysDesigning the face to face surveyRepeated Cross-sectional surveys using FTFCost and error in fixed and mobiile phone surveysmail Surveys in social researchE-mail SurveysIncreasing response rate in web-based/ internet surveysHow to build your own online survey panelDoes paying more mean getting better product: Comparison of Surey Modes of AdministrationSensitive issues in surveys: Reducing refusals while increasing reliability and quality of responseResearching difficult populations: Interviewing techniques and methodological issues in FTF...What survey modes are most effective in eliciting self-reports of criminal or delinquent behaviorIssues in survey desing: using Survey of victimization and fear of crime as examples What would you do? Conducting web-based factorial vignette surveysComparability of survey measurmentsEmployee Surveys as Catalysts for Change: Turning data into action

Family Role in the Reintegration Process of Recovering Drug Addicts A Qualitative Review of Israeli Offenders

In an outcome evaluation of recovering addicts who participated in a prison-based therapeutic community, 39 clients, a nonrandomized subsample, are interviewed about their rehabilitation and reintegration experience. This study focuses on the family as the main source of support and as an agent of change for the recovering drug addict. Although many studies show marriage and family to be positively related to successful reintegration and rehabilitation, clients in this study report families as having a negative effect on the rehabilitation and reintegration process. This is especially true among those who reunite with their spouse. The findings are discussed in regard to role expectations and support mechanisms, and suggestions are made for further research.

Drug Offenders’ Perceptions of Motivation: The Role of Motivation in Rehabilitation and Reintegration

This article presents a qualitative analysis of participants’ perceptions of the importance of motivation in the detoxification and rehabilitation process. As part of an outcome evaluation of recovering drug addicts who participated in a prison-based therapeutic community, 39 participants (a nonrandomized subsample) are interviewed regarding their rehabilitation and reintegration experiences. Although many studies show that participation in prison-based drug treatment programs reduces the likelihood of recidivism, clients in this study suggest that other factors might be equally important, and in particular clients’ own motivation to change their lives. This study raises some questions about the true ability of drug treatment programs to treat and rehabilitate drug-abusing offenders, diverting the emphasis from the treatment program itself to the participants’ motivation to change. Findings are discussed in regard to prison-based drug treatment programs, after-release impediments encountered by inmates, and inmates’ expectations of successful reintegration into the normative noncriminal society.

The Art of Question Phrasing

According to the total survey error theory, most survey errors are stemming from non-sampling error—errors such as response and non-response. This chapter discusses the importance of questionnaire design and specific question phrasing and how they affect response rate and quality of response. Providing a detail account of the various stages in preparing a valid and reliable questionnaire provides the readers with a helpful tool that will guide researchers through the complex and daunting task from single item phrasing to the presentation of an entire questionnaire.

The impact of prison deinstitutionalization on community treatment services

BackgroundWith one in every 108 Americans behind bars, the deinstitutionalization of prisons is a pressing issue for all those facing the daunting challenges of successfully reintegrating ex-offenders into both their communities and the larger society. Given the strong evidence that treatment services, such as mental/behavioral health, alcohol/substance abuse, and primary healthcare may reduce recidivism, the large number of prisoner releases highlights the need for adequate treatment services in the community. It is within this context that the current study aims to examine the effects of prison deinstitutionalization on community based intervention modalities.MethodsThis study set out to address a set of fundamental research questions in the current climate of reversing the 40-year upward trend in prison population. This thread of inquiry is based on a hydraulic model of institutionalization of transinstitutionalization. This hydraulic framework posits that there are many overlaps between public safety and mental health needs, and that psychiatric institutionalization and penal institutionalization are functionally dependent. Longitudinal data with annual standardized measures such as rates and percentages for this change modeling were obtained from a number of national data programs for all 50 states. Our analytical focus concentrated on the second half of the decade of the 2000s.ResultsChange in the state imprisonment rate was negatively correlated with change in the rate of substance abuse treatment admissions (r = -0.24; p < .05) and the change in the rate of inpatient admissions in state psychiatric hospitals (r = 0.10; p > .05) as predicted. However, only the bivariate association between imprisonment and substance abuse treatment admissions attained the conventional threshold of statistical significance. Holding constant the direct and indirect effects of changes in the rates of violent crime and illicit drug use, change in prison population was negatively associated with changes in the rate of substance abuse (unstandardized coefficient = -0.891; p < 0.05) and mental health admissions (unstandardized coefficient = -0.509; p > 0.05) in the community.ConclusionBy using a path analysis of the hydraulic model, we argue that social systems, similar to water moving in closed tubes, aspire to equilibrate. In other words, a decrease in prison population will not go without a corresponding increase in community mental health and substance abuse services. Social voids like those created by deinstitutionalization must be filled; and with states deinstitutionalizing offenders the toll is on their corresponding communities to address the needs of those offenders who are reentering after being incarcerated. In devising a policy and practice strategy to address the projected increase in the reentry population, leadership within communities for social and supportive services to ex-prisoners, specifically treatment services should be of primary concern.

Bridging the gap between health and justice

What does health have to do with justice? Everything! More than seven million people in the United States are currently under some form of criminal justice supervision, and control (whether in jail, prison, or on probation or parole), and they have somatic and mental health issues in rates that are much higher than those found in the general population. Ignoring these issues will contributes to health disparities and negative outcomes and this will be unjust—not only for those individuals—for the communities in which they live (or will live, upon release), and for human kind in general. As this article will show, the health needs of this population are also of paramount importance to those within specific communities, even if they are not currently involved with the criminal justice system. It is thus critically important to bridge the gap between the fields of public health and criminal justice by promoting an interdisciplinary discourse that brings together professionals and scholars from both ends of the justice and health spectrum; and thus better serve society, and address health disparities issues that affect health and justice. Criminal justice practitioners and public health workers may, at first glance, seem to be in unrelated (sometimes even opposing) fields, but in fact, they share many of the same challenges, as they both deal with human beings, environments, and public safety. Yet these two fields have long operated in parallel universes, and only recently has that approach begun to change. Scholars, practitioners, and policy makers from both sides have started to share ideas and information in an effort to create a better response to rising challenges that concern both fields. So far, most of the work has been related to incarcerated offenders and their rehabilitation and reintegration, but health-related issues are also relevant for examining and intervening with non-incarcerated criminal justice populations. As Levy (2007) states, “...public health practices inform and empower individuals and communities, and create healthy environments through the use of evidence-based

Book Review: Prison and Social DeathPriceJ. M. (2015). Prison and Social Death. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. xi, 193 pp.

tural and operational flaw of the ECCC. Third, fault is found with the supermajority voting system which was designed to eliminate the risk of split votes between the national and the international sides. Finally, the politics of Cases 003 and 004 are unearthed in a section of the book that reads like a thriller. The authors make their view clear at the outset that the ECCC model has not been a resounding success, and occasionally the book seems tilted toward reinforcing this perspective. However, some of the ECCC’s achievements are also recognized. The Duch proceedings are considered to have been a ‘‘successful first effort’’ not just in terms of the legal merits of the judgment but also in relation to outreach and the attempt, at least, to accommodate multiple civil parties. Overall, the court’s outreach program is given credit as a qualified success. The book does not delve too deeply into the intricacies of the substantive jurisprudence, such as that relating to crimes against humanity, but notes that decisions have been delivered on complex legal issues. The concern of the book is less whether the judges reached the right legal conclusions on issues such as joint criminal enterprise than whether the court as a whole has achieved the right balance of application of international and domestic law, feeding into the understanding of ‘‘hybrid’’. Hybrid Justice provides a scholarly and well-written analysis and critique of the structure of the ECCC and its procedures as well as its relevance to the Cambodian population. The comparative analysis, designed to measure the ECCC’s approach against other hybrid models of justice that have gained popularity since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s, is not fully developed but provides pointers for further discussion. As the authors acknowledge, it might in fact be too early for a final verdict on the ECCC. The court is still very much in operation, struggling with dwindling support and interest, while Cambodia’s transitional justice needs remain acute. There is plenty of scope for lessons to be learnt while the ECCC completes its mandate and the book ought to be read carefully by all those involved with the court who believe in its mission and care about its eventual legacy.

26, ISBN 978-0-8135-6557-6.

and Reintegration (DDR) programs designed to reintegrate former members of armed groups back into society. Because females often hold subservient positions in armed groups and are not classified as combatants, females are denied access to DDR programs. Duramy also offers suggestions for programs and policies tailored to the needs of women, addresses the need for female involvement in Haitian politics, and recommends an overhaul of the Haitian criminal justice system. Although Duramy’s work in Haiti is laudable, it is unlikely that her book will become a classic in the field of criminology. Duramy’s argument that violence and the victimization of women are fueled by patriarchal cultural values is neither novel nor notably elaborate. Additionally, Duramy neglects to address the matter of whether violence against women is more pervasive in Haiti than in other equally impoverished regions or consider whether patriarchal values in Haiti are in any significant manner different from patriarchal values in other cultures. And the reforms she proposes are rather idealistic. Duramy calls for measures such as new legislation banning the sexual exploitation of girls, the hiring of female police officers, and judiciary reform, but it is naive to think such measures can be effectively implemented in a politically unstable nation where roughly 7 of every 10 people exist on less than US

Book Review: Citizens Enforcing the Law

2 a day. Although Duramy argues that violence in Haiti is fueled by poverty, she offers no substantive suggestions on matters such as economic reform, education reform, political stability, or infrastructure development. In brief, Gender and Violence in Haiti will likely be of more interest to women’s rights activists and international lawyers than it is to criminologists, comparative criminal justice scholars, and developmental sociologists. Finally, Duramy’s descriptions of life in Haiti are by no means well rounded. She occasionally makes mention of strong communities, but because her most detailed accounts of life in Haiti focus on the perpetrators and victims of violence the reader is presented with a portrayal of the Haitian people as inconceivably savage. Duramy depicts the armed groups as inhuman thugs who arbitrarily rape women with the barrels of their guns. Duramy describes fathers being beaten and forced to watch the rape of their daughters who then, after the rape, shun the girls for dishonoring themselves. She describes Haitian women as either helpless victims of unthinkable violence or egocentric criminals who rejoice at being selected to join a gang and willingly lure kidnap victims into traps. Duramy discusses Haitian women who ‘‘force their husbands to organize or participate in kidnapping operations’’ and, if their husbands refuse, the women ‘‘take over the leadership of the groups and conduct the operations themselves’’ (p. 73). As for government officials, Duramy describes the Haitian police as nothing more than deranged cowards, afraid to face the armed organizations but willing to kidnap and rape virgins. In comparison to the ample descriptions of human depravity, Duramy affords scant attention to families that care for loved ones who have been victimized, the women’s groups that offer aid to rape victims, or the communitybased organizations struggling to improve life in Haiti. While there is no question that life in Haiti is harsh, the ongoing joint efforts between international aid groups and the Haitian people indicate there is hope for the future. Some discussion of this would not have hurt Duramy’s book.

The Role of Social Distress, Political Affiliation, and Education in Measuring Punitive Attitudes Israel as a Case Study

The purpose of this study is to examine the different factors that shape and facilitate punitive attitudes among Israeli public. Punitive attitudes were examined in respect to several demographic and environmental variables such as gender, level of religiosity, level of education, political affiliation, and victimization. In addition, social distress in respect to the political climate of the country was taken into consideration to examine the effect of “historical” events on results reliability. Using a random selection, a sample of 471 Israeli respondents was examined at two different time periods (Wave I: 2008–2009 and Wave II: 2011). Results of the current study indicate that demographic characteristics as well as social distress are related to the manifestation of punitive attitudes among Israelis, and thus the study demonstrates the different factors that affect public attitudes toward crime and punishment in the Israeli context. Results are discussed in regard to policy, and recommendations are made for future studies.