Lisa Letzkus

Parent/caregiver health literacy among children with special health care needs: a systematic review of the literature

BackgroundChildren with special health care needs (CSHCN) are children with medical or behavioral diagnoses that require services beyond those generally needed by pediatric populations. They account for a significant portion of pediatric health care expenditures and often have complicated treatment regiments. Health literacy has recently been recognized as a key indicator of quality chronic disease self-management and parental/caregiver health literacy of CSHCN is an understudied area. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the available evidence of studies investigating parent/caregiver health literacy of CSHCN.MethodsDatabases were searched to retrieve relevant articles for inclusion (dating from 1998 to 2014). Only studies that assessed the relationship between parent/caregiver health literacy on outcomes pertinent to CSHCN were included. Because of the limited number of studies, there were no restrictions placed on type of outcome.ResultsThirteen studies were included in the final review with a range of health literacy assessments and outcome ascertainment. The majority of studies; (1) focused on the relationship between parental/caregiver health literacy and asthma outcomes, (2) were cross-sectional study designs, and (3) included samples recruited from pediatric clinics in academic medical settings.ConclusionsThere were several gaps in the literature where future research is needed including; (1) direct assessment of child/adolescent health literacy, (2) inclusion of children with co-morbid conditions, (3) further assessment of the relationship between health literacy and health care utilization and cost, and (4) assessment of parental/caregiver health literacy in the inpatient care setting.

What Factors Are Associated With the Development of Pressure Ulcers in a Medical Intensive Care Unit

Statement of the Problem:Instruments used to determine the risk of pressure ulcer development are universally applied to adult patients. These instruments do not differentiate between intensive and acute care patients. Background:Pressure ulcers contribute to negative outcomes such as increases in pain and discomfort, risk of infection, hospital length of stay and costs, and a decrease in quality of life. Appropriately identifying risk factors is paramount to implementing a targeted care plan to avoid pressure ulcer development as well as pinpointing appropriate treatments if an ulcer develops. Objective:The purpose of this nursing research study was to identify factors associated with pressure ulcer development in a medical intensive care unit. Methods:A 15-month retrospective chart review of patients with pressure ulcers in a medical intensive care unit was performed. Statistics were computed on demographics and variables of interest including: pressure ulcer stage, vasopressor infusion, oxygen requirement, comorbidities, primary diagnosis, length of stay, mortality, age, gender, weight, Braden scores, and albumin level. Results:The characteristics of 76 patients who developed pressure ulcers were evaluated. An equal number of men (n = 38) and women (n = 38) were included. Forty-seven percent had a stage II pressure ulcer. The presence of hemodynamic support with vasopressor administration (P = .016) and the length of stay (P = .021) were noted as the most significant factors in pressure ulcer development in this study. Conclusions:Vasopressor use and length of stay are not factors that are accounted for in current pressure ulcer risk assessment instruments. The administration of vasopressor support and patient length of stay are potential contributory factors that need to be considered when assessing patients. Instruments specific to intensive care unit pressure ulcer risk stratification are warranted and should include the unique characteristics of a critically ill patient.

Health literacy and the Affordable Care Act: a policy analysis for children with special health care needs in the USA

Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) represent populations with chronic health conditions that are often high utilizers of health care. Limited health literacy has emerged as a key indicator of adverse health outcomes, and CSHCN from limited health literacy families are particularly vulnerable. The purpose of this policy analysis is to outline key provisions in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that incorporate health literacy approaches for implementation and have implications for CSHCN in the USA. Several key provisions are incorporated in the ACA that involve health literacy and have implications for CSHCN. These include: expansion of public insurance coverage and simplifying the enrollment process, provisions assuring equity in health care and communication among all populations, improving access to patient-centered medical homes that can offer care coordination, ensuring enhanced medication safety by changing liquid medication labeling requirements, and provisions to train health care providers on literacy issues. More research is needed to determine how provisions pertaining to health literacy in the ACA are implemented in various states.

Does Site Matter? Comparing Accuracy and Patient Comfort of Blood Glucose Samples Taken From the Finger and Palm of the Perioperative Patient

Purpose: This study compared two blood glucose (BG) point of care sampling methods to determine which is least painful yet accurate. Design: The two‐period, two‐treatment crossover trial compared the traditional fingertip sampling method to a form of alternative site testing (AST), palm of the hand. Methods: Subjects received both methods of BG sampling to compare comfort and accuracy. They were randomly assigned to determine which method was used first. Pain rating (0 to 10) and glucose results for both methods were documented. Finding: Results indicated that pain rating was significantly lower with AST (1.65) than with the standard site (2.83) (P < .001). There was no significant difference in mean glucose measurements between standard care (150 mg/dL) and AST (149 mg/dL). The numbers were closely correlated (r = 0.9815). Conclusions: Findings support AST via the palm of the hand as an accurate and less painful method of obtaining BG results on diabetic patients.

Incongruence in Perceptions: Identifying Barriers to Patient Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit

Background: Patient satisfaction is at the forefront of quality care and patient outcomes. The literature identifies the discrepancy between nurse and patient perceptions in a variety of care settings; few studies have investigated the perceptions of care in a critical care unit. Understanding the perceptions in a critical care unit is necessary to optimize organizational performance related to quality, safety, patient-centered care, and efficiency. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine whether a discrepancy exists between what patients and families perceive as satisfaction with their care as compared with the nurses’ perception of what constitutes positive patient satisfaction in a medical critical care unit. Methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted to assess patient-perceived satisfaction with nursing care versus nursing perceptions in the medical intensive care unit. A convenience sample of patients and/or family members and the nurses providing their care was conducted. The validated Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire and Nurse’s Assessment of the Patient’s Expectations Questionnaire were used to assess perceptions. Patients and/or their family members and nurses’ responses were evaluated as matched pairs. The data were analyzed using Spearman correlation. Results: Forty-eight matched pairs of questionnaires were completed. There was not a correlation (r = 0.135; 95% confidence interval, −0.16 to 0.41; P = .363) between the overall patient and nurse averages for common questions. The analysis of the individual patient and nurse items revealed statistically significant correlations between only 2 of the 19 items, information given (P = .027) and recognition of opinions (P = .043). Correlations within patient questionnaires were noted in some areas such as patients’ perception of quality of care and expectations, overall quality of nursing care, and patient expectations and patients’ likelihood to recommend the hospital to family and friends. Patient satisfaction was influenced by a number of factors, most notably patient expectations. Implications for Practice: Nurses’ perceptions of positive patient satisfaction in critical care are incongruent with patients’ perceptions. Improving nurses’ awareness of the patient experience could improve patient satisfaction. Further studies examining patient expectations could be beneficial in improving patient satisfaction in the critical care setting.

Improving Neurodevelopmental Surveillance and Follow-up in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease

OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that neurodevelopmental surveillance of targeted patients with congenital heart disease during the admission for their cardiac surgery would improve neurodevelopmental assessment and outpatient follow-up rates. DESIGN All patients under 12 months of age who were operated on between October 2013 and October 2014 and were considered at risk for neurodevelopmental delay in accordance with the 2012 American Heart Association Scientific Statement were included. A protocol was implemented to increase surveillance of targeted patients during the hospitalization for their cardiac surgery. A historical control cohort was used from a 6-month period that preceded initiation of the program from July 2012 to December 2012. Univariate analysis assessed the effects of patient demographics, anatomy, postoperative course, and distance from clinic on inpatient screening and follow-up to evaluate areas for future improvement. RESULTS Neurodevelopmental surveillance in the post-protocol period increased from 21% to 82% (P < .001) as did compliance rates for outpatient follow-up from 38% to 52% (P < .001). Patients receiving consultation were younger (median 1.2 months range 0.3-3.1 vs. 4.0 range 1.2-5.5, P = .002), had a longer intensive care unit duration (median 8 days range 4-13 vs. 4 range 3-8, P = .044), and a longer total hospital duration (median 14 days range 8-25 vs. 8 range 6-16, P = .023). The presence of single ventricle anatomy was associated with a lower follow-up rate at 29% than those with biventricular hearts at 64% (P = .009). Distance from the clinic did not have an effect on follow-up (P = .39). CONCLUSION The protocol described increased neurodevelopmental surveillance of high risk patients. Individuals that were younger and in the hospital longer were more likely to be successfully seen and comply with outpatient follow-up than those not receiving inpatient risk assessment. Patients with single ventricle anatomy may benefit from a modified follow-up schedule to improve compliance rates. Travel distance has no effect on likelihood of outpatient cardiac neurodevelopmental follow-up.

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: Autonomic instability and muscle over-activity following severe brain injury

Abstract Background: Children who suffer from moderate-to-severe brain injury can develop a complicating phenomenon known as paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH), characterized by autonomic instability and identified clinically as a cluster of symptoms that can include recurrent fever without a source of infection, hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation, diaphoresis and dystonia. Studies with adults have demonstrated that this cluster of symptoms is associated with poorer clinical outcomes (prolonged hospitalizations, poorer cognitive and motor function). However, there have been limited studies in children with PSH. Objective: To present a literature review regarding PSH following severe brain injury and highlight research needs in children with PSH. Methodology: Electronic databases (CINAHL, Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched. Results: Thirty-one research articles met the criteria for inclusion. Several themes emerged regarding the phenomenon of interest during the review: nomenclature, symptoms, management and differences between children and adults. Implications: The majority of the research regarding PSH following severe brain injury has been descriptive in nature. Few studies, however, have explored PSH in children with brain injury; therefore, little is known about whether the outcomes of children with PSH are different and, if so, in what ways.

Cleanliness of Disposable vs Nondisposable Electrocardiography Lead Wires in Children

BACKGROUND Mediastinitis costs hospitals thousands of dollars a year and increases the incidence of patient morbidity and mortality. No studies have been done to evaluate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) counts on disposable and nondisposable electrocardiography (ECG) lead wires in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE To compare the cleanliness of disposable and nondisposable ECG lead wires in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients by measuring the quantity of ATP (in relative luminescence units [RLUs]). ATP levels correlate with microbial cell counts and are used by institutions to assess hospital equipment and cleanliness. METHODS A prospective, randomized trial was initiated with approval from the institutional review board. Verbal consent was obtained from the parents/guardians for each patient. Trained nurses performed ATP swabs on the right and left upper ECG cables on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. RESULTS This study enrolled 51 patients. The disposable ECG lead wire ATP count on postoperative day 1 (median, 157 RLUs) was significantly lower (P < .001) than the count for nondisposable ATP lead wires (median, 610 RLUs). On postoperative day 2, the ATP count for the disposable ECG lead wires (median, 200 RLUs) was also lower (P = .06) than the count for the nondisposable ECG lead wires (median, 453 RLUs). CONCLUSION Results of this study support the use of disposable ECG lead wires in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients for at least the first 48 hours as a direct strategy to reduce the ATP counts on ECG lead wires.

Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Children: An Exploratory Evaluation of Nursing Interventions

Background Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) produces symptoms of autonomic instability and muscle over‐activity; however, the majority of nursing interventions used in clinical practice are anecdotal and not evidenced based. Objective The primary objective was to report nursing documentation of PSH events, and to describe the clinical nursing interventions and care provided to children who have suffered a severe brain injury and are exhibiting PSH. The secondary objective was to demonstrate how the Symptom Management Theory (SMT) can serve as a framework for research related to brain injury and PSH. Methodology The study consisted of a retrospective chart review of nursing progress notes using direct content analysis. The nested sample of ten randomly selected charts was chosen from a larger quantitative study of 83 children who had suffered severe brain injuries with and without PSH. Textual analysis of verbatim nursing progress notes was used to describe nursing interventions that were used and documented for this patient population. Results The priority nursing interventions to manage these symptoms included medication administration, facilitation of family presence, and strategies to target auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli. The sample received different individual interventions for PSH. Additionally, individual subjects demonstrated different patterns of interventions. Implications While tactile interventions were documented most frequently, there was not a uniform approach to interventions. The SMT can be useful to provide a framework that organizes and tests clinical care and management of PSH strategies. HighlightsParoxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is fever, hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation, diaphoresis, and dystonia.Symptom Management Theory (SMT) can serve as a framework.The priority nursing interventions to manage PSH included medication administration, facilitation of family presence, and strategies to target auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli.