Lisa M. Bellini

Mood Change and Empathy Decline Persist during Three Years of Internal Medicine Training

Purpose To examine longitudinal changes in mood and empathy over the course of the internal medicine residency. Method The authors conducted a cohort study of 61 residents who completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) at six time points during their internal medicine residency at a university-based program. (POMS was administered five times, and IRI was administered six times.) The main outcomes measured were trends in mood disturbances and multiple domains of empathy over the three-year residency, and comparisons to norms. Results Response rates varied from Time 1 to Time 6 (98%, 72%, 79%, 79%, 94%, and 95%, respectively). Interns had better scores on four POMS subscales: Depression–Dejection (p = .0031), Anger–Hostility (p < .0001), Fatigue–Inertia (p < .0001), and Vigor–Activity (p < .0001) compared with later administrations, especially midinternship. By the end of residency all POMS scores were returning towards baseline (effects sizes in the .20s), but only depression was no longer significantly different. IRI scores showed the decline in Empathic Concern remained over residency whereas Personal Distress peaked midinternship year but approached baseline at the end of residency. Compared with the general population, the graduating residents were less tense, depressed, and confused. Personal Distress was significantly lower than the norm group. Conclusions Internal medicine residency presents challenges resulting in common mood disturbances. Although graduating residents appear to be better off than the population norms, some domains of their mood disturbances and empathy never fully recover from their internship year.

Internal medicine and general surgery residents' attitudes about the ACGME duty hours regulations: a multicenter study.

Purpose To assess internal medicine and general surgery residents’ attitudes about the effects of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education duty hours regulations on medical errors, quality of patient care, and residency experiences. Method In 2005, the authors surveyed 200 residents who trained both before and after duty hours reform at six residency programs (three internal medicine, three general surgery) at five academic medical centers in the United States. Residents’ attitudes about the effects of the duty hours regulations on the quality of patient care, residency education, and quality of life were measured using a survey instrument containing 19 Likert scale questions on a scale of 1 to 5. Survey responses were compared using the Student’s t-test. Results The response rate was 80% (159 residents). Residents reported that whereas fatigue-related errors decreased slightly, errors related to reduced continuity of care significantly increased. Additionally, duty hours regulations somewhat decreased opportunities for formal education, bedside learning, and procedures, but there was no consensus that graduates would be less well trained after duty hours reform. Residents, particularly surgical trainees, reported improvements in quality of life and reduced burnout. Conclusions Residents in medicine and surgery had similar opinions about the effects of duty hours reform, including improved quality of life. However, resident opinions suggest that reduced fatigue-related errors have been offset by errors related to decreased continuity of care and that the quality of the educational experience may have declined. Quantifying the degree to which regulating duty hours affected errors related to discontinuity of care should be a focus of future research.

Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mCEX) in a medicine core clerkship.

Purpose. To determine the feasibility, reliability and validity of the mCEX when used to evaluate medical students’ clinical skills in a medicine core clerkship. Method. In 2002, students were required to complete nine mCEX during their medicine clerkship. Mean mCEX scores were correlated with exam scores and course grades. Results. 89% of targeted mCEX were completed. The reproducibility coefficient for eight mCEX was .77. Mean mCEX scores were significantly correlated with exam scores (r = .22; p = .004), inpatient (r = .43; p < .0001), outpatient (r = .35; p < .0001), and final course grades (r = .19; p = .014). Conclusions. These data support the feasibility, reproducibility, and validity of the mCEX in evaluating medicine clerkship students’ clinical skills.

Association of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Reforms With Mortality and Readmissions Among Hospitalized Medicare Patients

IMPORTANCE Patient outcomes associated with the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) duty hour reforms have not been evaluated at a national level. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of the 2011 ACGME duty hour reforms with mortality and readmissions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Observational study of Medicare patient admissions (6,384,273 admissions from 2,790,356 patients) to short-term, acute care, nonfederal hospitals (n = 3104) with principal medical diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, or congestive heart failure or a Diagnosis Related Group classification of general, orthopedic, or vascular surgery. Of the hospitals, 96 (3.1%) were very major teaching, 138 (4.4%) major teaching, 442 (14.2%) minor teaching, 443 (14.3%) very minor teaching, and 1985 (64.0%) nonteaching. EXPOSURE Resident-to-bed ratio as a continuous measure of hospital teaching intensity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Change in 30-day all-location mortality and 30-day all-cause readmission, comparing patients in more intensive relative to less intensive teaching hospitals before (July 1, 2009-June 30, 2011) and after (July 1, 2011-June 30, 2012) duty hour reforms, adjusting for patient comorbidities, time trends, and hospital site. RESULTS In the 2 years before duty hour reforms, there were 4,325,854 admissions with 288,422 deaths and 602,380 readmissions. In the first year after the reforms, accounting for teaching hospital intensity, there were 2,058,419 admissions with 133,547 deaths and 272,938 readmissions. There were no significant postreform differences in mortality accounting for teaching hospital intensity for combined medical conditions (odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% CI, 0.96-1.03), combined surgical categories (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94-1.04), or any of the individual medical conditions or surgical categories. There were no significant postreform differences in readmissions for combined medical conditions (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.97-1.02) or combined surgical categories (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.03). For the medical condition of stroke, there were higher odds of readmissions in the postreform period (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.001-1.13). However, this finding was not supported by sensitivity analyses and there were no significant postreform differences for readmissions for any other individual medical condition or surgical category. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among Medicare beneficiaries, there were no significant differences in the change in 30-day mortality rates or 30-day all-cause readmission rates for those hospitalized in more intensive relative to less intensive teaching hospitals in the year after implementation of the 2011 ACGME duty hour reforms compared with those hospitalized in the 2 years before implementation.

Health and Health Care Among Housestaff in Four U.S. Internal Medicine Residency Programs

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although there have been many studies of the health care services that resident physicians provide, little is known about the health care services they receive. OBJECTIVE: To describe residents’ perceptions of the health care they receive. DESIGN: Anonymous mailed survey. SUBJECTS: All 389 residents in four U.S. categorical internal medicine training programs. MAIN RESULTS: Three hundred sixteen residents responded (83%). In aggregate, 116 (37%) reported having no primary care physician, and 36 (12%) reported that they are their own primary care physician. These figures varied substantially across the four programs. Most residents reported receiving basic screening and preventive services; however, their attitudes toward their health and health care differed across postgraduate level, gender, and program. Many residents reported that their long and unpredictable hours interfered with their ability to schedule clinician visits, that their health had declined because of residency, that programs and other residents were unsupportive of residents’ health care needs, and that residency raised special issues of privacy that limited access to health care. CONCLUSIONS: Despite high rates of receipt of preventive services, these internal medicine residents identified several barriers that limited their access to health care. Program directors should explore these barriers and, at the same time, reevaluate the messages being sent to resident physicians about maintaining their health and health care.

The Incidence and Predictors of Job Burnout in First-Year Internal Medicine Residents: A Five-Institution Study

Purpose Job burnout is prevalent among U.S. internal medicine (IM) residents and may lead to depression, suboptimal patient care, and medical errors. This study sought to identify factors predicting new burnout to better identify at-risk residents. Method The authors administered surveys to first-year IM residents at five institutions twice between June 2008 and June 2009, linking individual pre- and postresponses. Surveys measured job burnout, sleepiness, personality traits, and other characteristics. Burnout was defined using the most commonly identified definition and another stricter definition. Results Of 263 eligible residents, 185 (70%) completed both surveys. Among 114 residents who began free of burnout and completed both surveys, 86 (75%) developed burnout, with no differences across institutions. They were significantly more likely to report a disorganized personality style (9 versus 0; 11% versus 0%; P = .019) and less likely to report receiving regular performance feedback (34 versus 13; 63% versus 87%; P = .057). Using a stricter definition, 50% (78/156) of residents developed burnout. They were less likely to plan to pursue subspecialty training (49 versus 63; 78% versus 93%; P = .016) or have a calm personality style (59 versus 70; 77% versus 90%; P = .029). There were no significant associations between burnout incidence and duty hours, clinical rotation, demographics, social supports, loan debt, or psychiatric history. Conclusions This study identified a high burnout incidence. The associations observed between burnout incidence and personality style, lack of feedback, and career choice uncertainty may inform interventions to prevent burnout and associated hazards.

Are discharge summaries teachable? The effects of a discharge summary curriculum on the quality of discharge summaries in an internal medicine residency program.

Background Interns are often required to dictate discharge summaries without formal training. We investigated the impact of a curriculum aimed at improving the quality (i.e., complete, organized, succinct, internally consistent, and readable) of interns’ discharge summaries. Method Fifty-nine medicine interns were randomized to a: (1) control group; (2) discharge summary curriculum; or (3) curriculum plus individualized feedback. Pre- and post-intervention, seven discharge summaries were graded using a 9-item instrument. T-tests, analysis of covariance, and effect sizes assessed group differences. Results There were multiple, significant within-group improvements for the intervention groups and between group differences post-intervention. The average effect size was large when the curriculum plus feedback group was compared to the control group (.70) and moderate when compared to the curriculum only group (.36). Conclusions Interns who received instruction on discharge summary skills improved the quality and of their discharge summaries. Adding feedback to the curriculum provided more benefit.

The Impact of Duty Hours Restrictions on Job Burnout in Internal Medicine Residents: A Three-institution Comparison Study

Purpose Internal medicine (IM) residents commonly develop job burnout, which may lead to poor academic performance, depression, and medical errors. The extent to which duty hours restrictions (DHRs) can mitigate job burnout remains uncertain. The July 2011 DHRs created an opportunity to measure the impact of decreased work hours on developing burnout in IM residents. Method A survey was administered twice to first-year IM residents at three academic medical centers between June 2011 and July 2012. To estimate the impact of the 2011 DHRs, data from this cohort, including demographics, sleepiness, hospital-based patient service characteristics, and burnout measures, were compared with data from 2008–2009 from first-year IM residents at the same institutions. Results Of eligible residents, 128/188 (68%) from the 2011–2012 cohort and 111/180 (62%) from the 2008–2009 cohort completed both surveys. Year-end burnout prevalence (92/123 [75%] versus 91/108 [84%], P = .08) and incidence (59/87 [68%] versus 55/68 [81%], P = .07) did not differ significantly between cohorts. There was no difference in year-end prevalence of excessive Epworth sleepiness (72/122 [59%] versus 71/108 [66%], P = .29) between cohorts; however, a greater percentage of residents who developed burnout in the 2011–2012 cohort reported caring for > 8 patients on their service (2011–2012 versus 2008–2009) (29/59 [49%] versus 5/34 [15%], P < .01). Conclusions Job burnout and self-reported sleepiness in IM resident physicians were unchanged after the 2011 DHRs at three academic institutions. Further investigation into the determinants of burnout can inform effective interventions.

Improving resource utilization in a teaching hospital: development of a nonteaching service for chest pain admissions.

Purpose Exclusion of acute coronary syndrome frequently prompts a brief hospital admission for a large proportion of patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain. At hospitals with residency programs, the volume of such patients creates pressures on these programs because of the limit on the number of patients a resident can accept in a given period. These restrictions have been instituted by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). The authors hypothesized that a nonteaching service designed to identify and admit low-risk chest pain patients should reduce those pressures. Method A hospitalist-directed nonteaching service (NTS) was created to admit low-risk chest pain patients at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Patients’ admission service was based upon the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score. From September 2003 to June 2004, patients (n = 113) with scores of 0 or 1 (showing low risk) were admitted to the NTS. Simultaneously, a similar group of low-risk chest pain patients (n = 205) were admitted to a traditional internal medicine resident-based service (RBS). Results The NTS patients had a lower median length of stay (23 hours versus 33 hours; p < .0001) and lower median hospital charges (

Sleep behaviors and attitudes among internal medicine housestaff in a U.S. university-based residency program.

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