Liu Liren

Photorefractive Holographic Dynamics in Doubly Doped LiNbO3:Fe:Mn

The Kukhtarev two-center model for photochromic doubly doped LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals is both numerically and analytically solved for the recording sensitivity and the fixed nonvolatile space-charge field. An optimal prescription for material doping and oxidation/reduction processing is found, which requires that the crystal should be strongly oxidized together with a suitable Mn density with respect to the Fe density. Experiments performed with an oxidized crystal and a reduced crystal prove the prediction.

Improved Fluorescence from Tm3+/Er3+/Ce3+ Triply Doped Bismuth-Silicate Glasses for S+C-bands Amplifiers

Fluorescence of Tm3+/Er3+ codoped bismuth-silica (BS) glasses and the sensitization of Ce3+ are investigated. It shows that Ce3+ codoping with Tm3+/Er3+ in BS glasses results in a quenching of Tm3+ ion emission from 3F4 to the 3H6 level. Consequently, the 1.47 μm emission occurs after the population inversion between the 3H4 and 3F4 levels. Furthermore, the codoped glasses show the broad emission spectra over the whole S and C bands with full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) up to about 119 nm, as it combines 1.55 μm emission band of Er3+ with 1.47 μm emission band of Tm3+ under 800 nm excitation.

Scattering-Suppression in Photochromic LiNbO3:Fe:Mn Non-volatile Holographic Recording

We propose and experimentally investigate a new scheme capable of suppressing light-induced scattering by periodical incoherent erasure during every non-volatile holographic recording cycle in photochromic LiNbO3:Fe:Mn crystals. The results demonstrate that the scattering noise is suppressed effectively, and the final diffraction efficiency of the fixed grating is significantly enhanced, rather than decreased, by about 30% compared with the conventional recording procedure. The period of the recording and incoherent erasure cycle is theoretically calculated and experimentally optimized.

Phase-space analysis of wavefront coding imaging systems

We explore the use of the Radon-Wigner transform, which is associated with the fractional Fourier transform of the pupil function, for determining the point spread function (PSF) of an incoherant defocused optical system. Then we introduce these phase-space tools to analyse the wavefront coding imaging system. It is shown that the shape of the PSF for such a system is highly invarient to the defocous-related aberrations except for a lateral shift. The optical transfer function of this system is also investigated briefly from a new understanding of ambiguity function.

Anomalous Behaviour of Photorefractive Grating Erasure Owing to Existence of both Negative and Positive Carriers

In LiNbO3:Fe, anomalous behaviour of grating erasure is observed with different wavelengths, i.e. rapid grating erasure in the short wavelength range, which deviates from the results predicted by the electron transport band model. The deviation is related to the coexistence of electrons and holes in photorefraction, and charge-transfer process including electrons and hole has been proposed. The electron and hole contributions to photoconductivity have been identified by experiments. We also give the theoretical dependence of electron photo-excitation coefficient S of the Fe centre on the wavelength.

Influences of phase shift on superresolution performances of annular filters

This paper investigates the influences of phase shift on superresolution performances of annular filters. Firstly, it investigates the influence of phase shift on axial superresolution. It proves theoretically that axial superresolution can not be obtained by two-zone phase filter with phase shift π and it gets the phase shift with which axial superresolution can be brought by two-zone phase filter. Secondly, it studies the influence of phase shift on transverse superresolution. It finds that the three-zone phase filter with arbitrary phase shift has an almost equal optimal transverse gain to that of commonly used three-zone phase filter, but can produce a much higher axial superresolution gain. Thirdly, it investigates the influence of phase shift on three-dimensional superresolution. Three-dimensional superresolution capability and design margin of three-zone complex filter with arbitrary phase shift are obtained, which presents the theoretical basis for three-dimensional superresolution design. Finally, it investigates the influence of phase shift on focal shift. To obtain desired focal shifts, it designs a series of three-zone phase filters with different phase shifts. A spatial light modulator (SLM) is used to implement the designed filters. By regulating the voltage imposed on the SLM, an accurate focal shift control is obtained.

Dynamic Phase-Mapping of Domain Nucleation in MgO:LiNbO3 Crystal by Digital Holographic Interferometry

The quantitative phase-mapping of the domain nucleation in MgO:LiNbO3 crystals is presented by using the digital holographic interferometry. An unexpected peak phase at the beginning of the domain nucleation is observed and it is lowered as the spreading of the domain nucleus. The existence of the nucleus changes the moving speed of the domain wall by pinning it for 3 s. Such in-situ quantitative analysis of the domain nucleation process is a key to optimizing domain structure fabrication.

Optimal Recording Wavelength for Nonvolatile Photorefractive Holograms in Ce:Cu:LiNbO

Three wavelengths of red, green and blue of recording beams are systemically tested for the UV-assistant recording and optical fixing of holograms in a strongly oxidized Ce:Cu:LiNbO3 crystal. Three different photorefractive phenomena are observed. It is shown that the green beams will optimally generate a critical strong nonvolatile hologram with quick sensitivity and the optimal switching technique could be jointly used to obtain a nearly 100% high diffraction. Theoretical verification is given, and a prescription on the doping densities and on the oxidation/reduction states of the material to match a defined recording wavelength for high diffraction is suggested.

Red laser-induced domain inversion in MgO-doped lithium niobate crystals

A laser beam at wavelength 647 nm is focused on a sample of 5 mol% MgO-doped lithium niobate crystal for domain inversion by a conventional external electric field. In this case, a reduction of 36% in the electric field required for domain nucleation (nucleation field) is observed. To the best of our knowledge, it is the longest wavelength reported for laser-induced domain inversion. This extends the spectrum of laser inducing, and the experimental results are helpful to understand the nucleation dynamics under laser illumination. The dependence of nucleation fields on intensities of laser beams is analysed in experiments.

Sensitivity Improvement by UV-Light Recording in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu Crystals

Modulated UV light is used to increase the sensitivity of the two-centre holographic recording. Inherent mechanisms of nonvolatile holographic recording in oxidized and reduced crystals are numerically analysed based on solving the two-centre material equations modified for UV-light recording. Experiments verification is performed with an oxidized crystal and a reduced crystal, and the role of UV intensity on the sensitivity is presented.