Lorelei L. Norvell

Fungal nomenclature. 1. Melbourne approves a new Code

The 18th International Botanical Congress, held in Melbourne, Australia, during July 2011, ratified several sweeping changes that will affect fungal nomenclature for years to come. Proposals to amend the Vienna Code were approved by the Nomenclature Section during the first week (July 18–22) and ratified by the entire IBC on the final day (July 30). Of particular interest to mycologists are a new title (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), radical modification of Article 59 establishing the principle of ‘one fungus : one name’, valid publication using English descriptions or diagnoses and effective electronic publication (both effective on January 1, 2012), required deposition of fungal names in a recognized repository, clarification of the orthography and typification of sanctioned names, exclusion of microsporidians and other organisms treated in other Codes, and recommendations regarding designation of type cultures. Acceptance of recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and new appointments are also briefly discussed.

Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)

Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology, morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygro- phoraceae. The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are: Acantholichen, Ampulloclitocybe, Arrhenia, Cantharellula, Cantharocybe, Chromosera, Chrysomphalina, Cora, Corella, Cuphophyllus, Cyphellostereum, Dictyonema, Eonema, Gliophorus, Haasiella, Humidicutis, Hygroaster, Hygrocybe, Hygrophorus, Lichenomphalia, Neohygrocybe, Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella. A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces. Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, section and subsection. We present three new subfamilies, eight tribes (five new), eight subgenera (one new, one new combination and one stat. nov.), 26 sections (five new and three new combinations and two stat. nov.) and 14 subsections (two new, two stat. nov.). Species of Chromosera, Gliophorus, Humidicutis, and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe; we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems. We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations. Consequently, we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus, Ampulloclitocybe and Cantharocybe, despite weak phylogenetic support. We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking. The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s., comprising the genera Aphroditeola, Macrotyphula, Phyllotopsis, Pleurocybella, Sarcomyxa, Tricholomopsis and Typhula.

Observations on development, morphology and biology in Phaeocollybia

Investigation of Phaeocollybia in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California has led to a better understanding of the characters and biology of the genus as a whole. Generically significant characters – pseudorhizas, pellicular veil, tibiiform diverticula, and sarcodimitic tissues – are examined in depth with four variations of branched and unbranched pseudorhizal patterns outlined. Basidiome development is traced from subterranean initiation to fully mature emergent basidiomes. Hypotheses on the ontogeny of Phaeocollybia basidiomes and biological associations are developed based on extensive observations of primordia and numerous field excavations. Comparisons between rhizomorphs and the thread-like pseudorhizal extensions of certain species are made and the term ‘rhizomorphic pseudorhiza’ is introduced. Possible biological strategies are explored and evidence for consideration of Phaeocollybia as a mycorrhizal genus is presented.

Validation of combinations with basionyms published by Fries in 1861

Authors (including some of us) have incorrectly cited as basionyms names treated by Fries in 1863 that were actually originally published by him in 1861. As these basionym citation errors mean that the intended new combinations are not validly published, the following combinations are again proposed as new: Chromosera cyanophylla, Mythicomyces corneipes, Tephrocybe misera, T. tesquorum. Three other intended combinations are noted as also not validly published, but the species are currently treated under the different (and validly published) names Haasiella venustissima, Phaeoclavulina curta, and Rhodonia placenta .

(362-363) Proposals to amend the Code to modify its governance with respect to names of organisms treated as fungi

1 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, 100 Birdwood Avenue, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia 2 Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa 3 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 4 Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Plant and Fungal Comparative Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, U.K.; Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. 5 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 3 1st Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, P.R. China 6 Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Boulevard, Portland, Oregon 97229, U.S.A. 7 Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92 170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 8 Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada * Convener/Secretary, Special Subcommittee on Governance of the Code with Respect to Fungi † Member, Special Subcommittee on Governance of the Code with Respect to Fungi ‡ Secretary-General, International Mycological Association § President, International Mycological Association Author for correspondence: Tom W. May, tom.may@rbg.vic.gov.au

Nomenclature - Formal reports, proposals, and opinion

Formal proposals to conserve or protect fungal names as well as proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature of immediate interest to mycologists are now published concurrently in Mycotaxon and Taxon. Conservation proposals include Prop. 1918 (to conserve the name Dermatocarpon bucekii against Placidium steineri), Prop. 1919 (to conserve the name Lactarius with a conserved type), Prop. 1926 (to conserve the name Cladia against Heterodea, and Prop.1927 (to conserve the name Agaricus rachodes with that spelling). Props. 117-119 to amend the Code ask for pre-publication deposit of nomenclatural information in a recognized repository for valid publication of fungal names.

A common new species of Inocybe in the Pacific Northwest with a diagnostic PDAB reaction

A species of Inocybe common in Washington, Oregon and British Columbia is documented and described as new. The species, I. chondroderma, is characterized by these features: pileus with a fulvous disk and ochraceous to chamois margin, presence of a cortina, densely mycelioid stipe base, smooth spores and fall phenology. The most reliable and distinctive feature of the species is a blue-green or turquoise reaction in response to application of a solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB), indicating the presence of what is most likely an indole alkaloid. PDAB use provides a quick and diagnostic character easily implemented in a laboratory setting. ITS sequences from recent collections of I. chondroderma and from materials collected in the 1940s in Washington and Oregon fully match numerous mislabeled sequences from specimens in British Columbia and Oregon. The species is most closely related to an unclarified taxon from Colorado and Japan (I. cf. chondroderma) and a rare European species, I. subnudipes. Nine different species names in Inocybe and one in Hebeloma attributed to I. chondroderma based on GenBank BLASTN searches of the ITS locus match with 99–100% similarity, reinforcing concerns about taxonomic inaccuracies in public DNA sequence databases. A complete morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic assessment are provided.

OMPHALINA SENSU LATO IN NORTH AMERICA 4 : O. ROSELLA

The invalid combination Omphalina rosella is validated. A new variety 0. rosella var. vinacea is described from western North America. It is illustrat? ed and compared to 0. rosella var. rosella from Europe and North Africa, and an unnamed variety from Baja California, Mexico. Omphalina rosella is an anomalous species intermediate between Omphalina and Ricke- nella.

Identifying and naming the currently known diversity of the genus Hydnum, with an emphasis on European and North American taxa

ABSTRACT In this study, 49 species of Hydnum are recognized worldwide. Twenty-two of them are described here as new species. Epitypes are proposed for H. repandum and H. rufescens. The majority of the species are currently known only from a single continent. The barcodes produced in this study are deposited in the RefSeq database and used as a basis to name species hypotheses in UNITE. Eleven infrageneric clades recovered in a phylogenetic analysis are supported by morphological characteristics and formally recognized: subgenera Alba, Hydnum, Pallida, and Rufescentia; sections Hydnum, Olympica, Magnorufescentia, and Rufescentia; and subsections Mulsicoloria, Rufescentia, and Tenuiformia.

Proposals 016-020 to amend the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

1 d.hawksworth@nhm.ac.uk Honorary President, International Mycological Association Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28040, Spain Department of Botany, Natural History Museum Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. 2 President, International Mycological Association CBS Fungal Diversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Past-President, Associação Latino-Americana de Micologia Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universsidade de Brasília 70910-900 Brasília DF, Brasil 4 President, African Mycological Association Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria Pretoria, 0002 South Africa 5 Mycotaxon Editor-in-Chief & Secretary, Nomenclature Committee for Fungi Pacific Northwest Mycology Service 6720 NW Skyline Blvd., Portland, OR 97229-1309, USA 6 Chair, International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi Biodiversity (Mycology and Botany), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada