Louis O. Odeigah

The prevalence of abdominal obesity and hypertension amongst adults in Ogbomoso, Nigeria

Abstract Background In many developing countries obesity and obesity-related morbidity are now becoming a problem of increasing importance. Obesity is associated with a number of disease conditions, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, gallstones, respiratory system problems and sleep apnoea. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity, as classified according to waist circumference (WC), and further to determine whether there was any association between abdominal obesity and hypertension amongst adults attending the Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Method A cross-sectional descriptive study of 400 adults aged 18 years or older was conducted. Blood pressure and WC measurements were taken and participants completed a standardised questionnaire. Results A group of 400 participants were randomly selected (221 women; 179 men), with a mean age of 48.7 ± 16.6 years. The overall prevalence of obesity as indicated by WC was 33.8% (men = 8.9%; women = 53.8%). Women were significantly more sedentary than men (50.8% for men vs 62.4% for women, p < 0.05). Most of the obese participants’ families also preferred high-energy foods (85.2%, p > 0.05). Overall prevalence of hypertension amongst the study population was 50.5%, but without a significant difference between men and women (52.0% for men vs 49.3% for women, p > 0.05). The prevalence of hypertension amongst the obese subset, however, was 60.0%. Conclusion Prevalence of abdominal obesity was found to be particularly significant amongst women in this setting and was associated with hypertension, physical inactivity and the consumption of high-energy diets.

Assessment of Stigma and Discrimination Experienced by People Living with HIV and AIDS Receiving Care/Treatment in University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (UITH), Ilorin, Nigeria

The research was designed to assess the stigma and discrimination faced by People living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) that are receiving treatment in UITH, Ilorin. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted on three hundred (300) people living with HIV and AIDS receiving care at the antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics within University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (which was the only ART site in Kwara State as at then). A quantitative method through the use of interviewer administered questionnaire was used for data collection. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study design. All the patients who came to the clinic and met the selection criteria were recruited until the desired sample size was reached. Data were analyzed by EPI-INFO 2005 software package. The mean age of the respondents was 39 years (SD = 9.32), and their age ranged between 19 and 65 years. About two thirds (64.7%) of the respondents were females, 62.7% were married, and 62.9% were from monogamous family settings. Slightly less than half (47.3%) of the respondents were not informed before they were tested for HIV, majority (63.3%) were not counseled before the test, but only 11% did not receive posttest counseling. One quarter of the respondents had experienced stigmatization/discrimination. Various forms of stigmatization/discrimination experienced by the respondents include blame for being responsible for their HIV status, various name callings, telling them that they are no more useful to anybody, violation of confidentiality, social isolation, restriction of their participation in family/religious activities, rejection by their spouses/families, dismissal from place of work, isolating them from other patients, and denying them care at health centers. It is therefore recommended that government at all levels should develop and implement programs to educate health care providers about HIV and AIDS, ethics, and treatment and care; educate the general population on HIV and AIDS, put in place policies that will reduce/stop HIV-related stigma and discrimination at all levels of the society, educate PLWHA on their right to live and work without discrimination, and also ensure full community participation in HIV control programs.

The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic subjects in south-west Nigeria

Abstract Background Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is rarely sought for and generally under-diagnosed even in diabetics in developing countries like Nigeria. PAD is easily detected and diagnosed by the ankle-brachial index, a simple and reliable test. Objectives To determine the prevalence of PAD in diabetic subjects aged 50–89 years and the value of ankle-brachial index measurement in the detection of PAD. Method A cross-sectional descriptive study of 219 diabetic subjects aged 50–89 years was carried out. The participants were administered a pre-tested questionnaire and measurement of ankle-brachial index (ABI) was done. The ankle-brachial index < 0.90 was considered equivalent to peripheral arterial disease. Results The overall prevalence of PAD was 52.5%. The prevalence of symptomatic PAD was 28.7% whilst that of asymptomatic PAD was 71.3%. There were a number of associations with PAD which included, age (p < 0.05), sex (p < 0.05), and marital status (p < 0.05). The use of the ankle-brachial index in the detection of PAD was clearly more reliable than the clinical methods like history of intermittent claudication and absence or presence of pedal pulses. Conclusion The prevalence of PAD is relatively high in diabetic subjects in the south-western region of Nigeria. Notable is the fact that a higher proportion was asymptomatic. Also the use of ABI is of great value in the detection of PAD as evidenced by a clearly more objective assessment of PAD compared to both intermittent claudication and absent pedal pulses.

Self-reported reasons for seeking HIV testing by people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA) in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

Abstract Objective To assess the reasons for HIV testing among people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) that were receiving care/treatment in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital(UITH), Ilorin. Methods The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted on 300 people living with HIV and AIDS receiving care at the antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics of the hospital. All the patients who came to the clinic during the period of data collection and met the inclusion criteria were recruited into the study consecutively. Data were analyzed using the EPI-INFO 2005 software package. Results The mean age of the respondents was 39 years (SD=9.32), ranging between 19 and 65 years. About two thirds (64.7%) were females, among which 62.7% were married. Slightly less than half (47.3%) of the respondents were not informed before they were tested for HIV while 11% did not receive post-test counselling. The main reason for HIV test was because client was sick and not responding to the treatment for other illnesses and during routine medical test when spouse tested positive. Conclusions The findings from this study reveal that the majority of respondents were tested for HIV/AIDS when they had protracted illness or lost their partners to AIDS. To achieve the WHO goal of universal access to HIV prevention, care, treatment and support, there is an urgent need to rapidly scale up HCT services at all levels of the health care system, while pursuing innovative human right approaches to provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC).

Rifampicin Resistant Tuberculosis in a Secondary Health Institution in Nigeria, West Africa

Background: Rifampicin-dependent tuberculosis is an unrecognized and potentially serious treatment issue. Rifampicin resistance is a risk factor for poor outcome in tuberculosis. It is prevalent in Nigeria. Therefore, we sought to examine the pattern of rifampicin resistance tuberculosis in Nigeria, West Africa. Method: One hundred and forty tuberculosis cases were referred to the chest clinic of Sobi Specialist Hospital from January to December 2013. Sputum samples were obtained from them, smeared on glass slides, stained using Ziehl Neelsen Stain and later observed under light microscopy. The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay was used to simultaneously detect TB and rifampicin resistance. Result: The minimum age of the patients was 18years, while the maximum was 83. The mean age was 38.39± 13.75. There was male preponderance 84(60%), compared to 56(40%) female. The secondary health institution made the highest referral. Forty eight (34.3%) had smear-positive TB, while 92(65.7%) were sputum negative. Thirty two (38.1%) male out of 84 and 12(21.4%) female out of 56 were sensitive to Rifampicin, while 6(7.1) male out of 84 and 4 (7.1%) female out of 56 were resistant to it. Forty four (31.4%) were MD-TB positive with a prevalence of 31.4%. Ten (7.2%) were Rifampicin resistant; this included 6 males and females. This was statically significant. Conclusion: Our study highlights that physicians should have high index of suspicion for rifampicin resistant tuberculosis in patients refractory to anti-TB treatment. The MTB/RIF test is a useful method for rapid diagnosis of TB and detection of RIF-resistance strains. There is need for increasing effort to interrupt the transmission of RIF-TB.

Reference equations for spirometric indices from a sample of the general adult population in Nigeria

BackgroundThe increasing importance of pulmonary function testing in diagnosing and managing lung diseases and assessing improvement has necessitated the need for locally derived reference equations from a sample of the general Nigerian population.MethodsIt was a cross sectional study in which we used linear regression models to obtain equations for reference values and lower limits of normal for spirometric indices in adult Nigerians from a sample of the general population aged 18–65 years (males) and 18–63 years (females).ResultsSeven hundred and twenty participants made up of 358 males and 362 females who satisfactorily completed the spirometric measurements using the ATS/ERS reproducibility and acceptability criteria were included in the analysis. The most important predictive variables were height and age. The values of the spirometic indices increase with increasing stature but decrease with increasing age in both sexes. The sex difference in all the indices is also apparent as all the indices, except FEV1/FVC, are higher in men than in women.Our values are higher than values obtained from previous studies in Nigeria (except FEV1/FVC) but the differences were not statistically significant. This suggests that although the values are increasing, the increase is yet to be significantly different from values obtained using the past equations. The implication of this is that there is need for periodic study to derive new equations so as to recognise when there is significant difference.There was no significant difference between values from our equations and those obtained from study among Ethiopians. Compared to report from Iran, our FVC and FEV1values (in males and females) as well as PEFR (in females) are significantly lower. Our values are also lower than values from Poland. We also observed disparities between our values and those of Afro Americans from the GLI study.ConclusionsOur findings show that it is important to always interpret ventilatory function tests in any individual by comparing it with reference values obtained from a well-defined population of healthy subjects of the same ethnic origin in similar geographic location.

A Retrospective Evaluation of Pretreatment and Follow-Up Monitoring of HIV-Infected Adult Patients in a Resource-Poor Setting

The rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with the challenges of ensuring that HIV care delivered to clients is of the highest quality. This study was designed to evaluate the pretreatment and 12 month follow-up monitoring of clinical and laboratory profiles of HIV-infected patients at the adult HIV clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, in Nigeria. It was a retrospective analysis of records of 440 adult patients who were on follow-up visits for 1 or more years. Two hundred two (45.9%) were male and 238 (54.1%) were female. Weight was documented at baseline in 314 (71.4%) and at month 12 of follow-up in 258 (58.6%). Baseline World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage was documented in 269 (61.1%). Baseline CD4 count, full blood count (FBC), creatinine (Cr), liver function tests (LFT), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and fasting serum lipids (FSL) were documented in 243 (55.6%), 260 (59.1%), 143 (32.5%), 136 (30.9%), 268 (60.9%), and 161 (36.6%), respectively. At 12th month of follow-up visit, the CD4 count, FBC, Cr, LFT, FBS, and FSL were documented in 121 (27.5%), 94 (21.4%), 59 (13.4%), 77 (17.5%), 179 (40.7%), and 95 (21.6%), respectively. This report shows that the pretreatment and the 12th-month follow-up monitoring of HIV-infected adult patients in our center was less than optimal. We recommend periodic self-assessment by care providers to monitor compliance with standards.

Prevalence and correlates of hypertension-outcome of a free medical screening in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo state, Nigeria, West Africa

Date Accepted: 30-11-2017 Date Received: 29-6-2017 A b st r a c t Background: Literature abounds on prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria and urban area of Oyo state but none in Oke-Ogun geo-political zone which constitute 10 local governments out of the 33 in Oyo state, despite the fact that they have high genetic and environmental predisposition to developing high blood pressure. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of high blood pressure and associated risk factors among indigenes of Oke-Ogun, Oyo state. Method: A total of 10,000 respondents were recruited using proportionate sampling techniques. Hypertension was defined according to the eight Joint National Committee on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of hypertension JNC-8 criteria. The fasting plasma glucoseFPG of the respondents were classified as normal (≤6mmol/l), pre-diabetes (6.1-6.9mmol/l), and diabetes (≥7mmol/l). BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m) and classified as malnutrition/underweight (<16-18.49), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9) and obese (30-≥40). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and binary logistic regression tests at p<0.05. Results: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 138±27.8, 86.13±14.4 respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 38.5%. Over sixty-four percent (64.1%) were diabetics. 63.4% had no formal education. Majority (82.95%) earned less than N18, 000.00 per month and 43.3% had a family history of hypertension. Conclusions: There is high prevalence of hypertension among the people of Oke-Ogun, in Oyo state. Their low socioeconomic status, low educational background, malnutrition and genetic predisposition were identified risk factors.

Prevalence of Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Oke-Ogun Region of Oyo State, Nigeria

Abstract Background: Oke-Ogun consists of 10 out of the 33 Local governments in Oyo State, Nigeria. Although literature abounds on prevalence of diabetes in Nigeria, there is none in this geo-political zone, despite the fact that there is a high genetic and socio-cultural factors predisposition the residents to diabetes and pre-diabetes. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and associated socio-demographic characteristics among indigenes of Oke-Ogun. Method: Of the 10,000 respondents who participated in the study, 6,915 had completed data. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) was measured using calibrated glucometers and classified thus; normal (≤6 mmol/l), pre-diabetes (6.1–6.9 mmol/l), and diabetes (≥7 mmol/l). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and binary logistic regression tests at value of p < 0.05. Results: There was a female preponderance for diabetes and pre-diabetes. Majority, 63.4% had no formal education, 82.9% earned less than NGN18,000 (

Dermatology Quality of Life Impairments among Newly Diagnosed HIV/AIDS-Infected Patients in the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital (Uith), Ilorin, Nigeria.

50) per monthly income. The mean FPG was 5.50 ± 2.20 mmol/l. The overall prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the study were 4.6 and 6.0% respectively. Conclusion: This study shows high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes among residents of Oke-Ogun. DM is more common in the females, and in those below the age of 61 years. The high pre-diabetes prevalence might imply an impending diabetes epidemic among the indigene of Oke-Ogun. Family history of diabetes, a surrogate of genetics is an important association of DM in the study. A large proportion of the residents were in abject poverty, a critical factor to be considered in their management.