Louise M. Hassan

The impact of smokefree legislation in Scotland: results from the Scottish ITC Scotland/UK longitudinal surveys

BACKGROUND To evaluate how Scotlands smokefree law impacted self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in hospitality venues, workplaces and in peoples homes. In addition, we examine changes in support for the law, pub and restaurant patronage, smoking cessation indicators and whether any observed changes varied by socioeconomic status. METHODS A quasi-experimental longitudinal telephone survey of nationally representative samples of smokers and non-smokers interviewed before the Scottish law (February to March 2006) and 1 year later after the law (March 2007) in Scotland (n = 705 smokers and n = 417 non-smokers) and the rest of the UK (n = 1027 smokers and n = 447 non-smokers) where smoking in public places was not regulated at the time. RESULTS Dramatic declines in the observance of smoking in pubs, restaurants and workplaces were found in Scotland relative to the rest of the UK. The change in the percent of smokers reporting a smokefree home and number of cigarettes smoked inside the home in the evening was comparable in Scotland and the rest of the UK. Support for smokefree policies increased to a greater extent in Scotland than in the rest of the UK. Self-reported frequency of going to pubs and restaurants was generally comparable between Scotland and the rest of the UK; however, non-smokers in Scotland were more likely to frequent pubs more often. No differences in smoking cessation indicators were observed between countries. CONCLUSION The Scottish smokefree law has been successful in decreasing secondhand smoke exposure while causing none of the hypothesized negative outcomes.

Tobacco consumption in the home: impact on social relationships and marking territory

Part 1. Introduction: A Tale of Two Disciplines. M.Wanke, Whats Social about Consumer Behavior? R.S. Wyer, Jr., R. Adaval, Social Psychology and Consumer Psychology: An Unexplored Interface. Part 2. The Construal of Consumer Judgments and Decisions. T. Eyal, N. Liberman, Y. Trope, Psychological Distance and Consumer Behavior: A Construal Level.Theory Perspective. A. Dijksterhuis, R.B. van Baaren, K.C.A. Bongers, M.W. Bos, M.L. van Leeuwen, A. van der Leij, The Rational Unconscious: Conscious Versus Unconscious Thought in Complex Consumer Choice. H. Bless, R. Greifenender, Brands and Successful Brand Extensions: A Social Psychology Perspective on Economic Questions. A. Chernev, R. Hamilton, Compensatory Reasoning in Choice. Part 3. Affective and Cognitive Feelings in Consumer Judgment. J. De Houwer, Conditioning as a Source of Liking: There is Nothing Simple About It. M.T. Pham, The Lexicon and Grammar of Affect-As-Information in Consumer Decision Making: The GAIM. N. Schwarz, H. Song, J. Xu, When Thinking is Difficult: Metacognitive Experiences as Information. Part 4. Social and Media Influences on Judgment and Behavior. S. Shavitt, A.Y. Lee, C.J. Torelli, Cross-Cultural Issues in Consumer Behavior. L.J. Shrum, Television Viewing and Social Reality: Effects and Underlying Processes. N.J. Goldstein, R.B. Cialdini, Normative Influences on Consumption and Conservation Behaviors. A. Kirmani, M.C. Campbell, Taking the Targets Perspective: The Persuasion Knowledge Model. Part 5. Goals and Self-regulation. A.Y. Lee, E.T. Higgins, The Persuasive Power of Regulatory Fit. M. Friese, W. Hofmann, M. Wanke, The Impulsive Consumer: Predicting Consumer Behavior with Implicit Reaction Time Measures. A. Fishbach, Y. Zhang, The Dynamics of Self-Regulation: When Goals Commit Versus Liberate.In this paper we move beyond viewing the home as a mere context for consumer decision-making to explore consumption practices and socio-spatial relationships within the home in relation to tobacco consumption. Based on focus groups conducted across ten European countries, our findings suggest that smokers view the home as a safe haven where they are sheltered from the outside regulatory environment. However, tension between smokers and nonsmokers demonstrates that consumption practices within the home may become a process of negotiation, resulting in smokers marking territory in efforts to avoid conflict.

Modeling Persuasion in Social Advertising: A Study of Responsible Thinking in Antismoking Promotion in Eight Eastern EU (European Union) Member States

In 2005, the European Union (EU) commissioned a study as part of an EU-wide antismoking campaign. The study was conducted by a consortium of EU companies. Our research reanalyzes the EU data, based on interviews with over 25,000 consumers in 25 countries. This paper focuses on Eastern EU countries and addresses the potential effects of source misattribution. We built a conceptual model linking comprehension of and attitude toward the campaign with outcome measures: responsible thinking toward smoking and intention to quit. Our analysis suggests that source attribution plays a moderating role in the relationship between message comprehension and the two outcome variables.

Longitudinal evaluation of smoke-free Scotland on pub and home drinking behavior: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project

INTRODUCTION On 26 March 2006, Scotland implemented a smoke-free policy prohibiting smoking in indoor public venues, including bars and pubs. Drinking and smoking are highly associated behaviors, so we evaluated whether the regulations would decrease drinking behavior among smokers in public venues. We further assessed whether this effect would be more pronounced in heavier drinkers and whether decreases in drinking behavior in pubs would be offset by increased drinking in the home. METHODS Participants (N = 1,059) were adult smokers and nonsmokers from Scotland and from the rest of the United Kingdom, which did not have comprehensive smoke-free policies during the study period. Data were collected using a random-digit-dialed telephone survey from February to March 2006, just prior to the policy implementation in Scotland. Follow-up surveys were conducted in March 2007. Using baseline data, we categorized participants as abstainers, moderate drinkers, or heavy drinkers. RESULTS Overall, results demonstrated that drinking behavior did not change significantly in Scotland compared with the rest of the United Kingdom following implementation of the smoke-free policy in Scotland. However, planned comparisons examining mean changes in drinks consumed in pubs or bars following the legislation demonstrated that the smoke-free legislation was associated with reduced drinking behavior in pubs and bars among moderate- and heavy-drinking smokers in Scotland. These moderate- and heavy-drinking Scottish smokers also reduced their pub attendance following policy implementation. DISCUSSION The smoke-free Scottish law did not increase drinking in the home. These findings suggest that smoke-free policies may have additional public health benefits for those at greater risk for alcohol-related health problems.

Segmentation in social marketing: Insights from the European Union's multi‐country, antismoking campaign

Purpose – In 2005, the European Union launched a four‐year antismoking television advertising campaign across its 25 Member States. This study aims to evaluate the second and third years (2006 and 2007) of the campaign based on telephone interviews with over 24,000 consumers (smokers, non‐smokers, and ex‐smokers).Design/methodology/approach – The study focuses on smokers and examines the potential for using segmentation and targeting in informing the campaign. Three important factors are used to identify clusters: attitude toward the campaign; comprehension of the campaign; and inclination to think responsibly about their smoking behaviour.Findings – Cluster analyses identify three distinct and significant target groups (message‐involved, message‐indifferent, and message‐distanced) who respond differentially to the advertising. Furthermore, the percentage of respondents within each cluster varies across the EU Member States. Using Schwartzs cultural framework, the cultural dimension of “openness to chang...

Gender Differences in Low-Risk Single-Occasion Drinking: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

This study examines the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the context of adhering to the UK low-risk single-occasion drinking (LRSOD) guidelines. Additionally, gender differences were explored. A convenience sample of 110 female students and 107 male students provided information about their LRSOD behaviour, as well as views, attitudes and intention regarding keeping to the LRSOD limit. Results of this study show the theory of reasoned action rather than the TPB to be pertinent, accounting for 24% of the variance for the female sample and 36% for the male sample. Gender differences are evident in terms of perceived pressure from government and educational campaigns as well as perceived likelihood of positive consequences of adhering to the LRSOD guidelines. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Cross-National Advertising and Behavioral Intentions: A Multilevel Analysis

Previous research has provided limited insight into (1) the cross-national effectiveness of marketing communication aimed at engaging consumers and (2) the moderating role of national characteristics. This study assesses the effectiveness of a cross-national advertising campaign in terms of changing behavioral intentions. The authors examine the moderating effects of country-level indicators representing three institutional pillars (regulative, normative/moral, and cultural-cognitive) on the mediated associations between three advertising persuasion measures (message comprehension, attitude toward the campaign, and message elaboration) and behavioral intentions. The authors examine a multilevel analysis using survey data related to a 25-country advertising campaign to test hypothesized within-country and between-country effects. The results show that message comprehension affects message elaboration less strongly in countries with stronger regulative, normative/moral, and cultural-cognitive pillars. Attitude toward the campaign affects message elaboration less strongly in countries with stronger normative/moral and cultural-cognitive pillars. Message elaboration affects behavioral intention less strongly in countries with a stronger regulative pillar but more strongly in countries with a stronger normative/moral pillar. The authors discuss implications for international marketing theory and practice.

No place to hide: two pilot studies assessing the effectiveness of adding a health warning to the cigarette stick

Objective To examine whether health warnings printed onto the cigarette stick would increase intentions to quit. Methods Two experiments with smokers were conducted. The first study was conducted in Scotland on 88 adult (aged 18 or over) smokers recruited around two university campuses. The second study was conducted on 120 adult (aged 16 or over) smokers recruited around inner city cafes in Greece. Study 1 tested smokers’ ratings of the attractiveness of cigarettes printed with either ‘minutes of life lost’ (minute condition) or ‘toxic constituents’ (toxic condition) against a control cigarette as well as the change in participants’ pre-exposure and postexposure quitting intentions. Study 2 only assessed the effect of the minute condition on smokers’ change in quitting intentions. Analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests were undertaken. Participants in Study 1 were shown a picture of the stimuli, with participants in Study 2 given the actual cigarette to hold. Results The analyses revealed increases in quitting intentions postexposure for the minute condition (mean paired difference=0.68, p<0.001) and the toxic condition (mean paired difference=0.23, p<0.05) in Study 1. Similar findings were found for the minute condition (mean paired difference=0.38, p<0.001) in Study 2. Conclusions These results suggest that printing a public health warning on the cigarette stick may result in higher intentions to quit smoking. However, many other messages (eg, benefits of quitting, harmful effects of secondhand smoke) which can be printed on the cigarette stick have not been tested in the current studies.

New advances in attitude and behavioural decision-making models

The seminal contributions of Fishbein and Ajzen remain prominent in consumer research particularly in the areas of attitudes and decision-making. Fishbein and Ajzen separately and jointly worked in these areas and have developed some of the most highly cited articles in consumer research. Works including the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1985, 1991) have amassed thousands of citations. The TPB is an expectancy value model, which states that human behaviour is a consequence of one’s behavioural intention (the cognitive representation of the individual’s motivation to enact the behaviour in question), which is in turn explained by one’s attitude (the individual’s positive or negative evaluation of performing the behaviour), subjective norm (the individual’s perceived social/peer pressure in undertaking the behaviour) and perceived behavioural control (the individuals perception of the ease or difficulty in enacting the behaviour). The TPB is an extension of the TRA, which does not include perceived behavioural control and thus is not designed to explain behaviours out with an individual’s volitional control. A large number of reviews and meta-analyses have concluded favourably on the ability of the TRA/TPB to explain intention and behaviour across a wide spectrum of contexts (e.g. Albarracin, Johnson, Fishbein, & Muellerleile, 2001; Armitage & Conner, 2001; Conner & Armitage, 1998; Godin & Kok, 1996; Hagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2002; Sheeran, 2002; Sheeran & Taylor, 1999; Sheppard, Hartwick, & Warshaw, 1988; Trafimow, Sheeran, Conner, & Finlay, 2002; Webb & Sheeran, 2006). Since their inception in 1975 and 1991, respectively, the TRA and TPB have evolved to include additional constructs not within the original conceptualisation of the theory, including among others self-identity, ethical obligation and past behaviour (e.g. Bagozzi et al., 2000; Shaw & Shiu, 2013), and they have provided the conceptual platform for other theories and models to emerge, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM and TAM2) (Davis, 1989; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000) and the Model of Goal-Directed Behaviour (MGB) by Perugini and Bagozzi (2001). These theories have been extended also through combining the TRA/ TPB with other theories such as social identity theory (Fielding, Terry, Masser, & Hogg, 2008), personality (Rhodes & Courneya, 2003) and human values (Hrubes, Ajzen, & Daigle, 2001). Others have extended the TRA/TPB by exploring potential moderating and mediating relationships (e.g. Churchill, Jessop, & Sparks, 2008; Mathur, 1998; Muhamad & Mizerski, 2013; Norman & Conner, 2005), decomposed the TRA/TPB constructs (e.g. Kidwell & Jewell, 2008; Rodgers, Journal of Marketing Management, 2014 Vol. 30, Nos. 5–6, 519–528, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.884368

A multi‐country assessment of the long‐term orientation scale

Purpose – Long‐term orientation (LTO) is an important cultural value, which has been shown to meaningfully affect the behavior of individuals. Bearden et al. developed and tested a two‐dimensional scale measuring LTO at the individual level. This study aims to replicate and extend the work of Bearden et al. examining the psychometric properties and generalizability of the scale across ten countries of the European Union (EU).Design/methodology/approach – Survey‐based data were collected from 3,491 respondents across ten EU Member States via an internet questionnaire.Findings – The LTO scale is found to possess adequate dimensional properties in the majority of country samples. Discriminant validity between the two LTO dimensions is not evidenced across four country samples. Significant association is found between LTO and individualistic orientation among respondents in nine of the ten countries with few significant associations found between LTO and uncertainty avoidance. Finally, the generalizability of...