Louise Marshall

Manipulating the Sacred: Image and Plague in Renaissance Italy

The Infamous Black Death of 1348 signaled the reappearance of bubonic plague in Europe after long centuries of absence. Contemporary accounts vividly describe the shock and horror of universal and indiscriminate mortality. From Tournai, Gilles Li Muisis observed that “no one was secure, whether rich, in moderate circumstances or poor, but everyone from day to day waited on the will of the Lord.” In any given area, between one third to half of the population would die. Worse still, the Black Death was only the beginning of a worldwide pandemic, or cyclical series of epidemics, recurring at intervals of two to twenty years throughout Europe until well into the seventeenth century.

God’s Executioners: Angels, Devils and the Plague in Giovanni Sercambi’s Illustrated Chronicle (1400)

This essay investigates reactions to the recurring disaster of bubonic plague by analysing a series of miniatures in the chronicle of Lucchese apothecary Giovanni Sercambi. Completed in 1400, the richly illustrated manuscript (Lucca, Archivio di Stato, ms. 107) records seven epidemics, from the Black Death to the century’s end. Demons or angels are shown unleashing the disease on helpless humanity. Among the earliest visual evocations of the experience of plague, the drawings offer significant insight into early modern responses to this most fearsome of disasters, articulating contemporary understandings of plague’s supernatural causes and terrestrial effects, and the emotional regimes elicited in response. Examined individually and as unfolding sequence, set against and interacting with surrounding text, the miniatures fulfil a range of commemorative, hortatory and cathartic functions.