Luc De Cooman

Antioxidant potential of microalgae in relation to their phenolic and carotenoid content

In the past decades, food scientists have been searching for natural alternatives to replace synthetic antioxidants. In order to evaluate the potential of microalgae as new source of safe antioxidants, 32 microalgal biomass samples were screened for their antioxidant capacity using three antioxidant assays, and both total phenolic content and carotenoid content were measured. Microalgae were extracted using a one-step extraction with ethanol/water, and alternatively, a three-step fractionation procedure using successively hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Antioxidant activity of the extracts varied strongly between species and further depended on growth conditions and the solvent used for extraction. It was found that industrially cultivated samples of Tetraselmis suecica, Botryococcus braunii, Neochloris oleoabundans, Isochrysis sp., Chlorella vulgaris, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum possessed the highest antioxidant capacities in this study and thus could be a potential new source of natural antioxidants. The results from the different types of extracts clearly indicated that next to the well-studied carotenoids, phenolic compounds also contribute significantly to the antioxidant capacity of microalgae.

A Kinetic Study on the Isomerization of Hop α-Acids

In this article, a detailed study on hop alpha-acid isomerization kinetics is presented. Because of the complex wort matrix and interfering interactions occurring during real wort boiling (i.e., trub formation and alpha-acids/iso-alpha-acids complexation), this investigation on alpha-acid isomerization kinetics was performed in aqueous buffer solution as a function of time (0-90 min) and heating temperature (80-100 degrees C). Rate constants and activation energies for the formation of individual iso-alpha-acids were determined. It was found that iso-alpha-acid formation follows first-order kinetics and Arrhenius behavior. Differences in activation energies for the formation of trans- and cis-isomers were noticed, the activation energy for the formation of trans-iso-alpha-acids being approximately 9 kJmol (-1) lower.

Detection of flavonoids in microalgae from different evolutionary lineages

Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites believed to be present mainly in land plants. As phenolics were detected previously in microalgae using photometric assays, we wanted to investigate the nature of these phenolics and verify whether flavonoids are present. Therefore, in this study, we used state‐of‐the‐art ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐two‐dimensional mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS) technology to investigate whether microalgae also contain flavonoids. For this, representative microalgal biomass samples from divergent evolutionary lineages (Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Haptophyta, Ochrophyta) were screened for a set of carefully selected precursors, intermediates, and end products of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Our data unequivocally showed that microalgae contain a wide range of flavonoids and thus must possess the enzyme pool required for their biosynthesis. Further, some of the microalgae displayed an intricate flavonoid pattern that is compatible with the established basic flavonoid pathway as observed in higher plants. This implies that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway arose much earlier in evolution compared to what is generally accepted.

Chemical transformations of characteristic hop secondary metabolites in relation to beer properties and the brewing process: A review

The annual production of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) exceeds 100,000 mt and is almost exclusively consumed by the brewing industry. The value of hops is attributed to their characteristic secondary metabolites; these metabolites are precursors which are transformed during the brewing process into important bittering, aromatising and preservative components with rather low efficiency. By selectively transforming these components off-line, both their utilisation efficiency and functionality can be significantly improved. Therefore, the chemical transformations of these secondary metabolites will be considered with special attention to recent advances in the field. The considered components are the hop alpha-acids, hop beta-acids and xanthohumol, which are components unique to hops, and alpha-humulene and beta-caryophyllene, sesquiterpenes which are highly characteristic of hops.

Characterization of Novel Varietal Floral Hop Aromas by Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry/Olfactometry

In this study, headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were optimized and implemented to investigate the volatile composition of novel floral hop essences prepared from four German aroma hop varieties. In total, 91 different constituents were assigned, which were further grouped into monoterpene hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, aldehydes, furans, and oxygenated and nonoxygenated sesquiterpenes. Most volatiles belong to the ester group, whereas the monoterpene hydrocarbon β-myrcene appears to be the predominant compound in all hop oil preparations investigated. Furthermore, as demonstrated by principal component analysis, varietal floral hop essences are clearly discriminated on the basis of their characteristic volatile composition. Via GC-olfactometry on the floral essence variety Spalter Select, β-myrcene and 2-undecanone were identified as the most potent odorants. Several hop oil constituents were reported for the first time as impact odorants of hop aroma.

Hopping technology in relation to beer bitterness consistency and flavor stability

The fate of α-acids, iso-α-acids, and their chemically modified variants was monitored in pilot brews as a function of hopping regime and beer aging. HPLC analysis indicates that α-acids, iso-α-acids, and dihydroiso-α-acids in beer are not stable during forced aging. This is reflected further in the sensory performance of these beers. Beer exclusively bittered with tetrahydroiso-α-acids was completely stable, in terms of hop components, under the experimental conditions employed. In addition, overall flavor stability was significantly improved. These results provide further evidence that hop-derived bitter acids, including the light-stable dihydroiso-α-acids, could play an important role in beer flavor deterioration during storage.

Functional Properties of Hop Polyphenols

The cultivated hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a dioecious plant of the Cannabaceae family, which is grown in most of the temperate climate zones of the world. The day-length requirements, related to the amount of light hops needed during the growing season for flowering, restrict commercial cultivation of hops to a latitude between 35° and 55° in both hemispheres. The main commercial cultivars of interest to the worldwide market are grown in Europe and the North-west region of the United States of America in the Northern Hemisphere, and in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa in the Southern Hemisphere. The most important commercial hops (ca. 40 varieties) are all cultivars of the Humulus lupulus L. species (table 1). The only other species, Humulus japonicus L., is an ornamental plant. Wild hops are found ubiquitously.

Evaluation of the volatile composition and sensory properties of five species of microalgae.

Due to their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and proteins, microalgae hold a lot of potential for nutritional applications. When microalgae are integrated into foodstuffs, the aroma is an important aspect to consider. In this study the aroma properties of microalgae were studied by correlating data on the volatile composition with sensory evaluations. Four species of marine microalgae ( Botryococcus braunii, , Rhodomonas , Tetraselmis species, and Nannochloropsis oculata ) and one fresh water microalga ( Chlorella vulgaris ) were investigated. Multivariate data processing revealed that microalgal samples having a seafood-like odor character contain high levels of sulfuric compounds (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and methional), diketones, α-ionone, and β-ionone. Fresh green, fruity flavors were linked with typical aldehydes such as 2,4-alkadienals and 2,4,6-alkatrienals. The presence of these compounds in fresh microalga pastes is explained by aroma formation mechanisms such as enzymatic lipid oxidation, enzymatic and chemical degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (generating dimethyl sulfide), phenylalanine (generating benzaldehyde), and carotenoids (generating ionones).

Hopping Technology in Relation to α-Acids Isomerization Yield, Final Utilization, and Stability of Beer Bitterness

A detailed study of α-acids isomerization kinetics was undertaken by performing pilot-scale brewing experiments with T90 hop pellets, nonisomerized hop extract, and nonisomerized hop extract plus hop residue. In addition, a brew was prepared by adding preisomerized hop extract at the onset of wort boiling. Compared with the use of nonisomerized hop extract, significantly higher isomerization yields were obtained when vegetative material was included in the hopping. However, when vegetative material was present final α-acids utilization was compromised by large losses of iso-α-acids postboiling. Evidence of reverse isomerization of iso-α-acids during wort boiling was not found when preisomerized hop extract was applied. The results obtained using quantitative HPLC profiling confirmed that both α-acids and iso-α-acids were not stable upon beer aging. In particular, trans-iso-α-acids underwent rapid degradation in finished beer. Therefore, beers prepared with preisomerized hop extract containing relatively less-sensitive trans-isomers, and thus more cis-isomers, show improved bitterness stability upon aging compared with conventionally hopped beers.

Flavonoid biosynthesis in petals of Rhododendron simsii

Abstract The results of a comparative in vivo study of flavonoid biosynthesis in Rhododendron simsii petals, with [2- 14 C] p -coumaric acid and [2- 14 C]caffeic acid indicate that p -coumaric acid is the true precursor. Moreover, supplementary in vitro experiments with enzyme preparations show that p -coumaroyl-CoA is a much better substrate for chalcone synthase than caffeoyl-CoA. This suggests that in Rhododendron the 3′-hydroxylation of the B-ring occurs at the stage of a C 15 intermediate. In addition, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase activity was demonstrated by means of comparative in vivo experiments with, respectively, [4a,6,8- 14 C]naringenin and [4a,6,8- 14 C]dihydrokaempferol as C 15 precursors. In both cases, the formation of radioactive 3′,4′-hydroxylated co-pigments and anthocyanins was established. Furthermore, co-pigment biosynthesis may proceed via the sequence: naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydroquercetin (3′-hydroxylation at the flavanone stage), whereas the formation of the anthocyanins may take place via naringenin, dihydrokaempferol and dihydroquercetin (3′-hydroxylation at the dihydroflavonol level).