Luc Godbout

The Knowledge Deficit about Taxes: Who It Affects and What to Do About It

Tax professionals argue that the tax system is too complex for ordinary taxpayers and that this sometimes makes their work for clients more educational than strategic. Tax complexity is not only a headache for these professionals but also a source of inefficiency and unfairness in our tax system as not every citizen understands it to the same degree. We use the tax system to support our retirement, education and poverty-reduction public programs. Failures of the tax system affect these programs as well. Weak understanding of taxes has also been shown to lower the level of trust of citizens in the tax system. This lower level of trust can translate into higher rates of tax evasion or avoidance, raising the cost of taxation for everyone. Canada has experience assessing the financial literacy of its citizens and is developing policies to raise it. This issue is considered strategic as financial tools and markets become more and more complicated and our population is aging. The tax system is a financial tool that citizens must know how to use as much as mortgages or pension funds are. Drawing from the research on financial literacy, we aim to develop a method to measure “tax literacy.” We evaluate, with the use of a survey administered by the polling firm Crop to Quebec citizens, the knowledge and skills of citizens concerning fiscal matters, understood broadly to include direct and indirect taxation as well as social transfers. Age, education and income are associated with higher knowledge of these matters, but not gender or being self-employed. Higher tax literacy is associated with a higher propensity for taxpayers to produce their tax return themselves rather than with the help of a professional. It also appears that women tend to underestimate their understanding of tax. Tax literacy, and the methods for its measurement, are a new tool to assess the failures of certain policies such as the Children Fitness Tax Credit or the Canada Learning Bond to reach their target audiences. More generally, weak understanding of taxes contributes to lowered trust in our tax system, which underpins our social bonds. Assessing this issue is a first step towards making our tax system fairer and more efficient.

Quebec’s Public Finances Between Demographic Changes and Fiscal Sustainability

We use recent population projections to describe briefly the process of demographic ageing expected to occur in the Canadian province of Quebec between 2010 and 2056. We next provide a quantitative assessment of the consequences of the demographic transition by projecting Quebec’s budgetary balance until 2056. A problem of fiscal sustainability is quickly identified. We then examine how sensitive the projection results are to demographic and economic assumptions. Finally, we explore the significance of assuming that health expenditures in the last year of life are several times larger than for survivors. Under this alternative assumption, health spending decreases by a small, but significant, amount in the long run.