Luca Izzo

A double component in GRB 090618: a proto-black hole and a genuinely long GRB

Context. The joint X-ray and gamma-ray observations of GRB 090618 by very many satellites offer an unprecedented possibility of testing crucial aspects of theoretical models. In particular, they allow us to test (a) in the process of gravitational collapse, the formation of an optically thick e + e − -baryon plasma self-accelerating to Lorentz factors in the range 200 < Γ < 3000; (b) its transparency condition with the emission of a component of 10 53−54 baryons in the TeV region and (c) the collision of these baryons with the circumburst medium (CBM) clouds, characterized by dimensions of 10 15−16 cm. In addition, these observations offer the possibility of testing a new understanding of the thermal and power-law components in the early phase of this GRB. Aims. We test the fireshell model of GRBs in one of the closest (z = 0.54) and most energetic (Eiso = 2.90 × 10 53 erg) GRBs, namely GRB 090618. It was observed at ideal conditions by several satellites, namely Fermi, Swift, Konus-WIND, AGILE, RT-2, and Suzaku, as well as from on-ground optical observatories. Methods. We analyzed the emission from GRB 090618 using several spectral models, with special attention to the thermal and powerlaw components. We determined the fundamental parameters of a canonical GRB within the context of the fireshell model, including the identification of the total energy of the e + e − plasma, E e + e− tot , the proper GRB (P-GRB), the baryon load, the density and structure of the CBM. Results. We find evidence of the existence of two different episodes in GRB 090618. The first episode lasts 50 s and is characterized by a spectrum consisting of a thermal component, which evolves between kT = 54 keV and kT = 12 keV, and a power law with an average index γ = 1.75 ± 0.04. The second episode, which lasts for ∼100 s, behaves as a canonical long GRB with a Lorentz gamma factor at transparency of Γ= 495, a temperature at transparency of 29.22 keV and with a characteristic size of the surrounding clouds of Rcl ∼ 10 15−16 cm and masses of ∼10 22−24 g. Conclusions. We support the recently proposed two-component nature of GRB 090618, namely, episode 1 and episode 2, with a specific theoretical analysis. We furthermore illustrate that episode 1 cannot be considered to be either a GRB or a part of a GRB event, but it appears to be related to the progenitor of the collapsing bare core, leading to the formation of the black hole, which we call a “proto-black hole”. Thus, for the first time, we are witnessing the process of formation of a black hole from the phases just preceding the gravitational collapse all the way up to the GRB emission.

Cosmography by gamma ray bursts

Relations connecting gamma ray burst quantities can be used to constrain cosmographic parameters of the Hubble law at medium-high redshifts. We consider a sample of 27 gamma ray bursts to construct the luminosity distance to redshift relation and derive the values of the parameters

Novel distance indicator for gamma-ray bursts associated with supernovae

q_0

GRB 110709B in the induced gravitational collapse paradigm

,

GRB 090618: The First Example of a Neutron Star Gravitational Collapse to a Black Hole Induced by a Type Ib/c Supernova

j_0

GRB 071227: an additional case of a disguised short burst

, and

A cosmographic calibration of the Ep,i -Eiso (Amati) relation for GRBs

s_0

Analysis of GRB 080319B and GRB 050904 within the Fireshell Model: Evidence for a Broader Spectral Energy Distribution

. The analysis is compared with other methods in the literature. gamma gay bursts, if calibrated by SNeIa, seem reliable as distance indicators and give cosmographic parameters in agreement with the

Early Optical Spectra of Nova V1369 Cen Show the Presence of Lithium

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SGR 0418+5729, Swift J1822.3-1606, and 1E 2259+586 as massive, fast-rotating, highly magnetized white dwarfs

CDM model.Aims. Relations connecting gamma ray burst quantities can be used to constrain cosmographic parameters of the Hubble law at medium-high redshifts. Methods. We consider a sample of 27 gamma ray bursts to construct the luminosity distance to redshift relation and derive the values of the parameters q0, j0 ,a nds0. The analysis is compared with other methods in the literature. Results. Gamma gay bursts, if calibrated by SNeIa, seem reliable as distance indicators and give cosmographic parameters in agreement with the ΛCDM model.