Luca La Civita

Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Summary. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is both a hepatotropic and a lymphotropic virus, has been proposed as a possible causative agent of mixed cryoglobulinaemia. This ‘benign’ lymphoproliferative disorder can switch over to a malignant B‐cell non‐Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). Therefore HCV infection has been investigated in a series of 50 unselected Italian patients with B‐cell NHL. Antibodies against HCV were found in 30% of NHL and HCV viraemia in 32% of cases. HCV‐related markers were detected in 34% (17/50) of our NHL patients; this prevalence is particularly significant when compared with HCV seropositivity in Hodgkins lymphoma (3%) and healthy controls (1.3%).

Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Analysis in Patients with Type II Mixed Cryoglobulinemia

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been related to different autoimmune-lymphoproliferative diseases such as autoimmune hepatitis [1, 2] and mixed cryoglobulinemia [3, 4]. The latter condition is associated with HCV infection in almost 90% of cases and is characterized by symptoms of systemic vasculitis secondary to deposition of coldprecipitable immune complexes. The remote pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia is considered to be a B-cell lymphoproliferation, which in many patients can be complicated by malignant lymphoma [5, 6]. Because of the variability of the HCV genome, one might speculate that particular viral variants are responsible for mixed cryoglobulinemia. Thus, we assessed the prevalence of different genotypes in HCV-positive cryoglobulinemic patients and in patients with chronic HCV infection who did not have cryoglobulinemia. Methods From March 1994 to September 1994, we recruited (at ambulatory visits) 29 consecutive HCV-positive (anti-HCV antibody-positive and HCV RNA-positive) patients with type II (IgM ) mixed cryoglobulinemia (9 men, 20 women; mean age SD, 60 7.5 years; age range, 46 to 72 years) and 61 patients with chronic HCV infection who did not have mixed cryoglobulinemia (control group). All patients studied were Italian-born, were heterosexual, and had no history of blood transfusion or drug or alcohol abuse. Cryoglobulinemic and control patients were followed at the rheumatology and hepatology units of the University of Pisa and University of Florence. The mean (SD) duration of follow-up was 8.4 5.5 years (range, 1 to 25 years) for cryoglobulinemic patients and 6.8 4.5 years (range, 2 to 14 years) for controls. A diagnosis of mixed cryoglobulinemia was made if a patient had the typical syndrome (purpura, arthralgias, weakness, and circulating mixed cryoglobulins) and if other well-known systemic disorders could be ruled out. Eight cryoglobulinemic patients developed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4.3 2.7 years (range, 1.5 to 8 years) after diagnosis. After informed consent was obtained, percutaneous liver and renal biopsies were done as previously described [4, 7]. Cryocrit determinations were done and cryoglobulin composition was evaluated as previously described [4, 8]. Antinuclear, anti-smooth muscle, anti-liver-kidney microsomal 1, anti-soluble liver antigen, and antimitochondrial autoantibodies were assayed by current techniques [9]. A titer greater than 1:40 was considered positive. Anti-extractable nuclear antigen antibody determinations were done using the method of Bunn and colleagues [10]. Serum samples and aliquots of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the last washing liquid (phosphate-buffered saline) for HCV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were collected as previously described [11, 12]. In addition, to ascertain the presence of a latent HCV infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were cultured for 72 hours in the presence of mitogens (phytohemagglutinin-phorbol myristate acetate) as previously described [11, 12]. Different samples were tested by one-tube nested reverse transcriptase PCR with primers derived from the 5 noncoding region [13]. Several precautions were taken to prevent false-positive results [14], including the incorporation of deoxyuridane-triphosphate instead of deoxythymidine-triphosphate during amplification steps followed by incubation of PCR mixtures for 3 minutes at 50 C in the presence of uracil-N-glycosilase (UNG; Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Connecticut). In nine unselected patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia, aliquots of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also available for HCV genotyping. Hepatitis C virus genotyping was done using two different methods, both based on amplification by PCR. The first technique used type-specific primers localized in the core region, as described by Okamoto and colleagues [15], with the difference that PCR was done without mixing genotype-specific antisense primers. Moreover, for the detection of genotype III, we used a new primer that, in a previous study, made it possible to classify most previously unclassified HCV isolates as genotype 2a/III [16]: This primer was CRIIIa antisense 5-TTCCCCAGGAYT TGCCAGTGG-3 (Y equals C or T). The second one employed biotinyled, universal primers localized in the 5 noncoding region of HCV RNA; amplification products were then hybridized to genotype-specific probes (Line Probe Assay, LiPA, Innogenetics, Brussels, Belgium). Statistical analysis was done using the chi-square test and the Fisher exact test whenever the z approximation was inadequate. Results Table 1 shows the values for the main clinicoepidemiologic and laboratory variables in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. The following complications of mixed cryoglobulinemia were recorded: peripheral neuropathy in 15 of 29 patients (52%); mild sicca syndrome in 11 of 28 (39%); glomerulonephritis in 4 of 29 (13%); Raynaud phenomenon in 1 of 28 (4%); and skin ulcers in 3 of 28 (11%). One or more serum autoantibodies were detected in 8 of 28 (29%) patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and in 19 of 61 (31%) controls. Table 1. Clinico-epidemiologic Data and Laboratory Findings in 29 Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Positive Patients with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia* Hepatitis C virus RNA sequences were shown in uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 of 29 (75%) patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and in cultured cells from 3 other patients (total, 90%) (Table 1). In the control group, viral sequences were detected in uncultured or mitogenstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 of 61 (75%) and 49 of 61 persons (total, 80%), respectively (Table 1). Among the 29 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia, serum specimens showed a single infection with type 1a/I in 1 patient (3 %), with type 1b/II in 14 patients (48%), and with type 2a/III in 12 patients (41%). Two patients (6.6%) had mixed infection (1a/I plus 1b/II and 1b/II plus 2a/III, respectively) (Table 1). Among the 61 controls, genotypes 1a/I, 1b/II, 2a/III, 3a/V, and 4a were observed in 7 (11%), 37 (61%), 9 (15%), 4 (7%), and 1 (1%) patient, respectively, whereas mixed infection (1a/I plus 1b/II; 1b/II plus 2a/III; 1b/II plus 3a/V) was observed in 3 (5%) patients. When HCV genotypes detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also considered, type 2a/III was found in 15 of the 29 (52%) patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia and in most autoantibody-positive patients (6 of 8; 75%) (Table 1). The prevalence of 2a/III genotype was significantly higher in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia (12 of 29; 41%) than in controls (9 of 61; 15%), a difference of 27 percentage points (95% CI, 6.6% to 46.6%; P = 0.009). No other significant differences were observed between the two groups. Sixteen of the 29 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia had chronic aminotransferase elevations. Analysis of serum samples showed that 12 of these patients (75%) were infected with HCV genotype 1b/II and that 4 (25%) were infected with HCV genotype 2a/III (Table 1). Of the remaining 13 patients who showed no clinical evidence of liver damage, 8 (61%) had infection with genotype 2a/III, 3 (23%) had infection with genotype 1b/II, 1 (7%) had infection with genotype 1a/I, and 1 had coinfection with types 1b/II and 2a/III. Liver biopsy, done in 14 patients, showed chronic hepatitis in 13 patients and liver cirrhosis in 1 patient; 2 patients with chronic hepatitis and 1 patient with cirrhosis had persistently normal aminotransferase levels (Table 1). Among the 61 controls, 27 (44%) had chronic hepatitis, 21 (34%) had liver cirrhosis, and 13 (21%) had hepatocellular carcinoma; none had normal aminotransferase values. Discussion In our study, HCV genotype 2a/III had a significantly higher prevalence in HCV-positive patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia than in patients with chronic hepatitis who did not have cryoglobulinemia. Among cryoglobulinemic patients, this genotype was more frequent in those without a symptomatic liver disease or with circulating autoantibodies. Recently, several reports have suggested different clinical outcomes for the HCV genotypes. Type 1b/II infection, for example, has been associated with a more severe liver disease and a lower response to interferon treatment, whereas type 2a/III infection has been considered relatively benign [17-19]. This hypothesis is consistent with the observation that genotype 2a/III is more prevalent in cryoglobulinemic patients without symptomatic liver disease than in those with chronic hepatitis. On the other hand, the higher prevalence of genotype 2a/III in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia than in controls, especially in cryoglobulinemic patients with circulating autoantibodies, suggests that type 2a/III might be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-lymphoproliferative disorders. The recent observation that type 2a/III is particularly frequent in Italian patients with anti-liver-kidney microsomal 1 autoantibody-positive type 2 autoimmune hepatitis further supports the possibility of a peculiar pathogenetic role for this genotype [20]. A recent study [8] showed that patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia have a high prevalence (81%) of HCV infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that HCV lymphotropism may play a key role in determining the lymphoproliferative disorder underlying the disease. Our study confirms these data and also shows the frequent infection of lymphatic cells in HCV-positive patients with chronic hepatitis who do not have cryoglobulinemia. We can thus hypothesize that different viral, genetic, or environmental factors, in addition to the infection of lymphatic cells, may be involved in the pathogenesis of this disorder. The exact role of HCV variants, namely 2a/III, which are possibly related to different host immune reactivity or to a greater lymphotropism, should be clarified through deeper virologic analysis, including examination of lymph-node and bone

Cryoglobulinemic Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Associated with Hepatitis C Virus

A striking association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has been reported by various authors, regardless of the presence of chronic hepatitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of HCV-related markers in cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) which is one of the most severe complications of MC. Antibodies against HCV have been detected by second-generation Chiron ELISA and RIBA in 26/26 (100%) cryoglobulinemic MPGN. In addition, serum HCV RNA, expression of the ongoing viral replication, was present in 7/7 patients by the polymerase chain reaction technique. The high percentage of anti-HCV seropositivity suggests that this virus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this immunemediated glomerulonephritis.

Scintigraphic findings on 99mTc-MDP, 99mTc-sestamibi and 99mTc-HMPAO images in Gaucher's disease

Gauchers disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by the specific deficiency of glucocerebrosidase that leads to accumulation of insoluble glucocerebroside in the reticuloendothelial system, particularly the bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Direct scintigraphic visualization of lipid deposits in Gauchers disease has recently been described, based on the use of the lipid-soluble xenon-133. We report here on the use of the lipophilic cat-ionic complex technetium-99m sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI), employed as an indicator of increased cellular density and metabolic activity, to evaluate Gaucher cell infiltrates in the bone marrow;99mTc-hexametazime (99mTc-HMPAO) was also employed, as a pure indicator of lipidic infiltration in the bone marrow. A 67-year-old patient with known type 1 Gauchers disease presented with a painful left hip and knee and difficulty in gait subsequent to traumatic fracture of the left femoral neck that had required implant of a fixation screw-plaque. Bone scan with99mTc-methylene diphosphonate revealed reduced uptake at the distal metaphyseal-epiphyseal femoral region. In addition, whole-body maps and spot-view acquisitions of the thighs and legs were recorded at both 30 min and 2.5 h after the injection of99mTc-MIBI: the scintigraphic pattern clearly showed increased uptake at several sites involved by Gaucher deposits in the bone marrow (both knees, with variable intensity in different areas), matching the bone changes detected by conventional x-ray. The target to non-target ratios slowly decreased with time, from an average value of 2.25 in the early scan to an average value of 2 in the delayed scan. The lipid-soluble agent99mTc-HMPAO exhibited a superimposable scintigraphic pattern of accumulation at the involved sites, though with lower target to non-target ratios (1.27–1.48). The results obtained in this patient suggest a potential role of99mTc-MIBI in the scintigraphic evaluation of Gauchers lipid deposits in the bone marrow. If the results are confirmed in other patients, this radiopharmaceutical would offer clear advantages over133Xe because of its wider availability and greater practicality (i.v. administration of99mTc-MIBI versus inhalation of133Xe, and use of a single gamma camera instead of two as with133Xe).

Lymphotropic Virus Infection of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Some lymphotropic viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have been proposed as causative agents of B cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). More recently, the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is both a hepatotropic and lymphotropic virus, has been reported in one third of B cell NHL patients. The aim of this study was to investigate in a series of B cell NHL the prevalence of three lymphotropic viruses, i.e. EBV, HHV-6 and HCV, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Eighteen unselected B cell NHL patients (10 men, 8 women; mean age 62 +/- 12 years, range 31-77 years; mean disease duration 1.8 +/- 1.4 years) and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. In all cases, an acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome-related lymphoma was excluded. By means of the polymerase chain reaction technique, EBV DNA, HHV-6 DNA and HCV RNA were detected in PBMC. HCV genomic sequences were significantly more frequent in PBMC of NHL patients than in controls (33 vs. 2.5%; p < 0.01); on the other hand, in the same two groups EBV DNA (39 vs. 60%; p = not significant) and HHV-6 DNA (22 vs. 32%; p = not significant) were present in a comparable percentage of individuals in the same two groups. The infection of PBMC by HCV alone was present in the majority (5 of 6) of HCV-positive NHL. These data support the implication of HCV infection in a statistically significant number of B cell NHL, whereas a possible co-operation between HCV and other well-known lymphotropic viruses seems to be excluded.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in cryoglobulinaemic leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV): could the presence of HCV in skin lesions be related to T CD8+ lymphocytes, HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression?

An association between mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) and hepatotropic viruses, chiefly hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been widely reported. The presence of HCV genomic sequences or HCV‐related viral proteins in the serum, purified cryoglobulins, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and into several tissues has suggested an important triggering role for HCV in MC patients. However, only few reports investigated the presence of HCV in cutaneous vasculitis and its potential pathogenetic role. Biopsies of cutaneous purpuric lesions from 5 MC female patient (aged from 40 to 80 years) were carried out for virological and histopathological evaluation. A leukocytoclastic vasculitis pattern was found in 4/5 subjects, while the presence of HCV RNA was detected in 3/5. In only 3 cases biopsy specimens were sufficient for immunohistochemical and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) studies. Immunohistochemical evaluation was performed by means of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti‐alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) immune‐complexes. In the same skin specimen APAAP and DIF findings were compared with the presence/absence of HCV genomic sequences (PCR technique). In 1 MC patient, the detection of HCV‐RNA was associated to a prevalent CD8+ T suppressor pattern with a perivascular and subjunctional distribution as well as an intense expresion of second class (HLA‐DR) and intercellular adhesion (ICAM‐1) molecules on basal keratinocytes, endothelial cells and perivascular infiltrate. These findings suggest a marked inflammatory activation that spreads from endothelial cells to keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. In the 2 HCV‐RNA negative specimens the scanty immuopathological staining could indicate a residual activity due to the previous inflammatory event triggered by cryoglobulins. The deposition of circulating HCV‐containing immune complexes (CIC) in the skin could be the initial pathogenic event for cryoglobulinemic vasculits; subsequently CIC could spread from vacular bed to the perivascular tissue and then could be very rapidly eliminated. If confirmed in larger patients series these finding could definitely demonstrate a direct role of HCV in the pathogenesis of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis.