Lucia Cellucci

A territorial based strategy for the distribution of sensor networks in smart cities

Nowadays land governance has to keep up with sudden environmental and social transformations of cities. Therefore it is necessary to improve the exchange of real-time information among different stakeholders. One of the solutions is to acquire data not only by Remote Sensing, but also by sensor networks distributed on the territory. In this way information are developed with multiple connections and a smarter management of cities can be achieved. However there are not strategies for the distribution of the sensors yet and it often takes to an excess of not interrelated data. Therefore it is important to design the networks according to the features of the territory in which they are distributed. This aim can be achieved with the study of infrastructural, cultural and functional aspects of the cities. The goal of this paper is to define a method to plan an optimized distribution of sensors in the city based on the analysis of characteristics and relations among urban zones.

Synthesis, X-Ray Crystal Structure and Reactivity of Dichloro(phthalocyaninato)niobium(IV) (New Polymorph) and Trichloro(phthalocyaninato)niobium(V)

Dichloro(phthalocyaninato)niobium(IV), PcNbCl2, has been isolated as a new polymorph and its X-ray crystal structure solved. Crystals are triclinic: formula C32H16Cl2N8Nb, space group P1, cell parameters a = 8.707(2) A, b = 12.288(3) A, c = 12.801(3) A, α = 80.72(2) °, β = 85.43(2) °, γ = 76.62(2) °, V = 1313.7(6) A3, Z = 2. The molecular structure closely resembles that already found for the monoclinic polymorph. Thus, Nb(IV) is six-coordinated in a cis arrangement, being displaced out of the inner N4 square planar system of the phthalocyanine ring by 0.898(1) A, towards the two chlorine atoms (average Nb-N(Pc) bond distance: 2.130(15) A; Nb-Cl bond distances: 2.408(1) and 2.396(1) A; angle Cl1-Nb-Cl2: 80.7 °). The main difference between the two polymorphs is the different stacking of the molecules in the crystal lattice. PcNbCl3 is also triclinic: formula C32H16Cl3N8Nb, space group P1, cell parameters a = 12.086(2) A, b = 13.710(2) A, c = 8.345(1) A, α = 93.49(2) °, β = 100.95(2) °, γ = 79.79(2) °, V = 1335.6(4)A3, Z = 2. In the molecular structure the Pc chromophore and the three chlorine atoms are at opposite sites with respect to the Nb atom, which is seven coordinate (average Nb-N(Pc) bond distance: 2.178(5) A; Nb-Cl bond distances: 2.482(1), 2.426(1) and 2.380(1) A; angles Cl-Nb-Cl: 85.3(0), 80.3(0), and 76.5(0) °). The stability of PcNbCl2 and PcNbCl3 towards water has been examined. The reactivity of PcNbCl2 with pyrocathecol, oxalic acid, H2SO4 and iodine has also been examined and has led to the isolation and characterization of the following Nb(IV) and Nb(V) species: PcNbIV(cat), PcNbIV(oxal), PcNbIVSO4, PcNbVCl2I, PcNbV(cat)I.

Lighting distribution affects pedestrians' sense of security

The greatest obstacle to a pedestrians Sense of Security (SoS) is lack of lighting. This research analyzes lighting characteristics which affect a pedestrians SoS, including how lighting distribution changes perception, to design lighting for night-time walking that maximizes the SoS without increasing energy consumption.