Lucia Mihalescu

The Hygienic Quality of Raw Romanian Goat Milk Depending on the Milking Season

The milk samples were yielded by manual milking from a goat farm that was maintained in extensive system, at monthly intervals during the production period (spring, summer, autumn). Goat milk from a traditional stall in the Maramures County, depending on the lactation period and the season has been analyzed in this study. The milk samples were collected aseptically and transported in laboratory for microbiological analysis. During springtime, when milking is done three times a day, and the amount of milk is higher, the total number of germs is 77.8×103 CFU/ml. A smaller number compared to the number of microorganisms recorded in the summer (97.3×103 CFU/ ml) when milking is done twice a day and there are higher temperatures. During autumn, in the conditions of low milk production, at the end of the lactation period and when the samples are harvested only once a day, the number of microorganisms was 81.5×103 CFU /ml. Somatic cells from milk indicating an excess of the normal values especially towards the end of the lactation period. Particular attention should be paid to hygiene conditions when handling milk, to improve its quality. Thus, goat milk has a higher bacterial load (SPC) during summer, and SCC exceeds the recommended limits, especially in the autumn.

Influence of lead and cadmium on some physiologic indices of Allium cepa.

The influence of the two heavy metals (Pb and Cd), in different concentrations, on the seeds germination and roots growing of Âxa0 Allium cepa of the two varieties (yellow onion and red onion), was studied. Sterilized Petri boxes were used; the germination substratum was cotton wool; the seeds were disinfected and wetted in appropriate solutions. For every working variant, 50 seeds of yellow onion and red onion were put in every Petri box. The following variants were used: V Âxa0 1 - control, distilled water; V Âxa0 2 - 0.1%Pb acetate; V 3 - 0.4%Pb acetate; V 4 - 0.1%Cd sulphate; and V 5 - 0.4%Cd sulfate. In order to determine the germinative energy, the counting was performed after 5 days and for the germinative faculty after 11 days. The obtained results proved that the germinative energy and the germinative faculty were much more reduced for the red onion than for the yellow onion. As about lead, the best tolerance is that of the yellow onion; and for cadmium, the best tolerance is that of the red onion. The presence of heavy metals in the germination environment determines a reduced growing pace for the roots. By comparison, we may state that the most toxic is lead; for concentrations of 0.4% the roots of the yellow onion appeared only in the 18 Âxa0 th culture day.

Chemical Control of Grapevine Main Pathogens under the Climate Conditions of Baia Mare

The experiences were performed in the Tautii Magheraus locality, located at 3 km from Baia Mare. Five variety of grapevine were studied: Âxa0 Cramposie , Feteasca regala , Muscat Ottonel Âxa0 Âxa0 , Perla de Zala and Italian Riesling . The resistance of the cultivated grapevine varieties against the attack of the main phytopathogenic fungi: Âxa0 Plasmopara viticola , Uncinula necator , Botryotinia fuckeliana Âxa0 Âxa0 , in terms of the 2011 year, was studied. In order to assess the resistance of the grapevine varieties against the phytopathogenic agents attack, the frequency, intensity and degree of attack were determined. The most sensitive to the attack of downy mildew on leaves was the Âxa0 Italian Riessling , with a degree of attack of 71.5%; and the most resistant variety was Âxa0 Perla de Zala , with a degree of attack of 26%. The most resistant to the attack of grape powdery mildew on leaves was the Âxa0 Muscat Ottonel Âxa0 Âxa0 variety, with a degree of attack of 8.1%; and the most sensitive was the Italian Riesling variety with 18.1%. In case of the attack of downy mildew on grapes, the most sensitive was the Âxa0 Italian Riesling Âxa0 Âxa0 variety with a degree of attack of 11.5%; and the most resistant was Perla de Zala with 2.5%. During the vegetation of the 2011 year, the chemical protection was performed with fungicides that were administered by seven sprayings.

Longitudinal Distribution of Ephemeroptera Communities for the Sasar River and its

The Sasar River basin is located in the Baia Mare Depression; it covers an area of 311 sq km and it is located in NW Romania. Due to urbanization and industrialization, and to a lesser extent agriculture, Sasar Basin shows a simplification of the biocenosis, more or less brutal, the intensity of pollution.This paper summarizes the results of sampling campaigns that were carried out between 2003-2008, when a total of 10 stations of the investigated basin were identified and analyzed, according to the Normalized Global Biological Index (IBGN) methodology. Subsequent to the systematical study, 20 species belonging to 6 Ephemeroptera families ( Âxa0 Leptophlebiidae, Ephemeridae, Ephemerelllidae, Caenidae, Heptageniidae, BA¤etidae Âxa0 Âxa0 ) were identified. Ephemeroptera is a group of demanding environmental conditions; high specific abundance was recorded in the stations located in areas with minimal and moderate anthropogenic impact (upstream Blidari-10 species; Valley MAƒriuA£ii- 10 species, upastream Baia Sprie - 9 species). The number of species is drastically reduced for the stations located downstream of the Baia Sprie and Baia Mare industrial centers (downstream Baia Sprie-3 species, downstream Baia Mare -1 species). Within the communities of Ephemeroptera high frequencies were performed by Âxa0 BA¤etis rhodani (90%), considered in terms of the ecological valence, average tolerance to pollution. Pollution-sensitive species had low frequencies: Âxa0 Rhithrogena semicolorata Âxa0 Âxa0 (40%), BA¤etis alpinus (40%).

Monitoring the Macrozoobenthos of the Sasar River Basin, Based on Some Ecologic Indices

The hydrographic basin of the Sasar River is located in the North-Western part of Romania, and it totalizes 311 km2. A large part of the catchment basin is within the mining perimeter of Baia Mare; the Sasar River is its main drainage axis. Subsequent to the systematic studies of 2003-2006, 74 taxons were identified.