Luciana Duque Silva

INTERAÇÃO GENÓTIPOS X AMBIENTES PARA PRODUTIVIDADE DE CLONES DE Eucalyptus L'Hér. NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Este trabalho objetivou estudar a interacao genotipos em ambientes de clones de Eucalyptus em quatro ambientes do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os ensaios foram conduzidos nas areas da empresa CMPC Celulose Riograndense, nos Municipios de Minas do Leao (Horto Florestal Cambara), Encruzilhada do Sul (Horto Florestal Capivara), Dom Feliciano (Horto Florestal Fortaleza) e Vila Nova do Sul (Horto Florestal Sao Joao). No ano 2007, foi implantada uma rede de testes clonais com 864 clones de Eucalyptus, pertencentes a 37 especies e hibridos. Aos 3 anos de idade, foram mensurados o diâmetro a altura do peito (dap) e a altura total (Ht) das arvores dos experimentos. O incremento medio anual (IMA) foi calculado de acordo com o volume individual por clone e o estande de plantas por hectare na idade de avaliacao do teste clonal. Os resultados da correlacao genotipica entre os ambientes variaram de 0,39 a 0,56, demonstrando que ocorreu interacao genotipos x ambientes significativa dos caracteres avaliados. Esses resultados indicam que e necessario selecionar clones especificos, nas combinacoes de ambientes com baixa correlacao genetica entre si. Ocorreu baixa correcao genetica entre os ambientes Cambara x Capivara; Cambara x Sao Joao; Capivara x Fortaleza; Capivara x Sao Joao; e Fortaleza x Sao Joao. Dessa maneira, para este estudo foram necessarias tres unidades de manejo para minimizar os efeitos da interacao genotipos x ambientes. Incluindo a selecao por estabilidade, adaptabilidade e os dois atributos simultaneamente, ocorreu mudanca de clones e de posicao entre os clones no ordenamento de selecao. Com a selecao simultânea por estabilidade e adaptabilidade (MHPRVG), os ganhos aumentaram em comparacao com a selecao pelos valores genotipicos preditos entre os ambientes, principalmente, e houve incremento dos ganhos em relacao a testemunha comercial. Por exemplo, os cinco melhores clones pelo criterio MHPRVG apresentaram-se 56% superiores a testemunha comercial para a caracteristica produtividade em volume.

Adaptabilidade de híbridos multiespécies de Eucalyptus ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

RESUMO – Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a adaptabilidade de hibridos multiespecies de Eucalyptus em quatro ambientes do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os ensaios foram realizados nas areas da empresa CMPC Celulose Riograndense, nos Municipios de Minas do Leao (Horto Florestal Cambara), Encruzilhada do Sul (Horto Florestal Capivara), Dom Feliciano (Horto Florestal Fortaleza) e Vila Nova do Sul (Horto Florestal Sao Joao). No ano 2007 foi implantada uma rede de testes clonais com 146 clones de Eucalyptus, pertencentes a 34 diferentes especies e, ou hibridos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 30 repeticoes e uma planta por parcela (Single Tree Plot). Aos 3 anos de idade, foram mensurados o diâmetro a altura do peito (dap) e a altura total (Ht) das arvores dos experimentos. O incremento medio anual (IMA) foi calculado de acordo com o volume individual por clone e o estande de plantas no hectare na idade de avaliacao do teste clonal. Concluiu-se que em um programa de melhoramento do eucalipto a analise simultânea de produtividade, estabilidade e adaptabilidade deve ser preferida em relacao ao simples ordenamento de valores genotipicos. Na selecao simultânea, destacaram-se entre os melhores materiais geneticos do ordenamento, hibridos do tipo “three-way cross”, formados por tres diferentes especies de Eucalyptus. Os hibridos mais promissores para a geracao de clones superiores foram E. urophylla x (E. camaldulensis x E. grandis), E. grandis x (E. urophylla x E. grandis), E. saligna x (E. grandis x E. urophylla) e E. grandis x E. kirtoniana (E. robusta x E. tereticornis) e E. grandis x E. urophylla. Palavras chave: Eucalyptus spp.; Performance relativa; Ganhos preditos; Estabilidade; Clones. ADAPTABILITY FOR EUCALYPTUS MULTI SPECIES HYBRIDS IN THE STATE OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL

An index combining volume and Pilodyn penetration to study stability and adaptability of Eucalyptus multi-species hybrids in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

ABSTRACT This paper presents results from a study into the stability and adaptability of Eucalyptus multi-species hybrids in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using an index that includes volume growth and Pilodyn penetration. Clonal tests were established with 146 Eucalyptus clones from 34 different species and/or hybrids, in a randomised block design with 30 replications, and one plant per plot in four different sites. Diameter at breast height (dbh), tree total height (th), and Pilodyn penetration for indirect estimate of basic density were measured in trees at three years of age. An index (MAIweight) combining mean annual volume increment and Pilodyn penetration was calculated. In the analysis of MAIweight for each site, the best clones were from pure species (E. urophylla, E. grandis and E. saligna). In contrast, the evaluation of adaptability and stability between the four environments simultaneously showed that three-way cross and single cross hybrids ranked more highly: E. urophylla × (E. camaldulensis × E. grandis), E. grandis × (E. urophylla × E. grandis) and E. grandis × E. urophylla. This study demonstrates the importance of heterosis (hybrid vigour) to improving adaptability and stability. Genetic complementarity from crosses between different species was the principal process that produced the observed heterosis. While the pure species performed well in specific environments, the hybrids presented better broad adaptation to a range of environments. Breeding efforts should therefore account for these features when planning crosses and choosing sites for establishing trials.

INFLUÊNCIA DO SISTEMA DE CORTE BASAL DE MINIESTACAS NA PROPAGAÇÃO CLONAL DE HÍBRIDO DE Eucalyptus urophylla X Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii 1

Mini-cutting technique has allowed establishing large scale clonal forests. However small progress has been observed in nursery management practices for recalcitrant genotypes. The present work aimed to evaluate the influence of different base cut systems in mini-cuttings for seedlings production of a hybrid clone of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii. Three evaluations were performed: 1) survival in the greenhouse at the 30 th day; 2) number of rooted seedlings in the shade house at the 45 th day; and 3) viable seedlings in the hardening area at the 60 th day. Rooting evaluation was based on survival rate. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and three treatments: 1) perpendicular cut at the base of mini-cuttings (control); 2) bevel cut at the base of mini-cuttings (diagonal cut); 3) perpendicular cut at the base of mini-cuttings with three longitudinal incisions in the base. Four blocks were assessed, each block was composed by 228 plants. The results of rooting were over 80% in the best treatments, indicating that the clone propagation is feasible using mini-cutting technique, and it does not show a recalcitrant behavior. The basal cut system in bevel and in longitudinal incisions did not favor rooting.

Effect of shade on biomass accumulation and partitioning for Eucalyptus camaldulensis sprouts

ABSTRACT Eucalyptus is widely cultivated in homogeneous monocultures throughout the world alongside plants of the same age. Furthermore, the productivity of forest stands is highly dependent on how solar radiation is intercepted and used. Meanwhile, it is possible to consider cultivating trees of different ages in the same area, and thus under different regimes of available solar radiation, creating a sequence of plantings and harvestings and to develop Eucalyptus-based agroforestry systems. We have examined biomass accumulation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis along a shade gradient. Eucalyptus trees presented power-law responses to increasing irradiance for biomass, indicating it has low plasticity and is unable to maintain growth under lower irradiance levels. Biomass partitioning showed no dependence on available irradiation. Leaf density presented very little increase toward sunnier places meaning that an increment in Eucalyptus biomass would be mostly due to its increase in size and thus higher radiation interception. Careful management of shade will be a key consideration for the integration of Eucalyptus into agroforestry. With knowledge of the growth habits of different species, we will have the potential to propose more perennial ways in which to manage land and reduce anthropogenic disturbances by avoiding clear-cuts of areas that removes all plant structures.

Avaliação da Dispersão de Sementes de Pinus taeda L. pela Análise dos Anéis de Crescimento de Árvores de Regeneração Natural

The Pinus taeda trees - introduced in Brazil in 1880 and in experimental trials in 1936 - have been listed in specialized literature of biological invasion process in some areas of general fields and altitude of the states of Parana and Santa Catarina such as, the savanna in the state Sao Paulo, sandbar in the state of Santa Catarina and pampas in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The annual tree-rings formed in the wood of Pinus taeda trees constitute an important tool in the evaluation of the biological invasion process. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatial-temporal dispersion of seeds by analyzing the tree-rings of Pinus taeda trees from plantations and natural regeneration in the region of Faxinal do Ceu, state of Parana. The results allowed determining the age and growth rate of the pine trees trunk from plantations; the date of germination, the seed dispersal area and the growth rate of trees of natural regeneration. The results allow, likewise discussing the invasion process of pine trees by seed dispersal in areas close to forest plantations.

Parâmetros genéticos em teste de progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

The aim of this work was estimate genetic parameters in progeny tests of Eucalyptus grandis, in order to evaluate the potential of direct and indirect selection for growth, resistance to rust and for characteristics that reflect better sawn wood quality. The progeny test was planted in two different sites in São Paulo state, Brazil, using a randomized block design, with 30 replicates, 176 progenies and one plant per plot, with a spacing of 3 x 2 meters. Diameter at breast height (DBH), height (H), degree of infection by rust (DIR), bifurcation (BIF), tortuosity (TOR), number of branches (NB) and branch diameter (BD) were evaluated. The progeny mean heritability indicated median genetic control (> 0.50) for DHB and H in both sites and the genetic correlation between these variables was of great magnitude (> 0.75). The DIR and NB had high progeny mean heritability values (> 0.50), and for BIF and TOR these values ranged from high to moderate (> 0.15) between sites. Genetic correlations between the main variables ranged from weak to moderate (< 0.70). The variables DHB, DIR and BIF revealed a genotype correlation between sites greater than 0.67, suggesting the formation of an improvement zone, seeking strategies based on simultaneous selection methods that prioritize variables with higher heritability.

FUNGOS ASSOCIADOS À MANCHA FOLIAR E AO CANCRO DE Eucalyptus grandis HILL (ex MAIDEN), EM DOIS LOCAIS DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

Eucalyptus species are the most cultivated in Brazil but during their cultivation cycle some biotic diseases as leaf spot and canker can interfere in trees development, reducing productivity. Knowing associated fungi to these diseases is truly important

Genetic diversity of Cedrela fissilis (Vell.): insights on conservation and production

The objective of this study was to determine selection criteria for the genetic conservation of, and growth improvement in Cedrela fissilis using a progeny test composed of 48 C. fissilis families planted with Pinus taeda in Rio Negrinho Municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method, and early predictions of genetic gains were estimated using best linear unbiased predictions and a multi-effects index. Deviance analyses indicated that the families originated from a single population, and there were significant differences in survival, collar diameter and height among progeny. Stem bifurcation, number of sprouts per stump, damage caused by Hypsipyla grandella and frost damage did not differ. A seedling seed orchard was proposed to produce seeds for genetic conservation aimed at forest restoration in the Brazilian “Legal Reserve”. It is estimated that these seeds will have a genetic gain of 2% for survival and a population size of 78 through the selection based on the progeny’s additive values. In order to produce genetically improved seeds through a clonal seed orchard, a family selection based on independent elimination levels was proposed, using additive genetic values for survival and a multieffect index within plots for collar diameter. In this case, 15 genotypes were selected, with a predicted gain of 4% in survival and 18% in collar diameter. The genetic variability found enables the use of the progeny test as an active germplasm bank, combining genetic conservation and sustainability of C. fissilis.

Management of Industrial Forest Plantations

This chapter addresses the challenge of developing forest plantations that are financially viable as well as ecologically sustainable. Management requirements to achieve sustainability differ, however, depending on site specific climatic and edaphic characteristics and the needs of the crop. Thus the chapter will focus on the understanding of the principles, aims, strategies and practices relevant to sustainable forest management; on providing knowledge about silvicultural and management practices in fast-growing forest; in providing knowledge of Brazilian forestry as a case aimed at sustainable management of fast-growing eucalypt plantations; on the understanding of the principles and uses of process-based model in the commercial forests