Luciana Terra

Adaptação transcultural para o português brasileiro do Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI)

OBJETIVE: This article aims to present a cross-cultural adaptation of the Parental Bonding Instrument to Brazilian Portuguese. It is a self-administered questionnaire developed in 1979, which has been used since then to measure the subjective experience of being parented to the age of 16 years. METHOD: The following steps were performed: conceptual equivalence, item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, functional equivalence, and approval of the final version by the author of the original instrument. RESULTS: The study has reached the objectives of equivalence, and the final Brazilian Portuguese version has been approved by the original author. CONCLUSION: The study provides a Brazilian Portuguese version of an instrument that has been proven extremely useful in risk and resilience researches over the past decades, assessing the perception of parental characteristics traditionally related to personality development.

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Brazilian Female Population

Objective: The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is a widely used measure of parenting. Recent studies have proposed different factor structures. There is a disagreement in the literature about whether the PBI is best used as a two-factor or a three-factor measure. Method: Two hundred and fifty-seven female adults were recruited from a clinical population (139 psychiatric patients and 118 controls) and were requested to complete the PBI. Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the five different factor structures in terms of model fit. Results: The poorest fit to the data was obtained by the Parker et al. model. The Kendler model was the only model that had an adjusted goodness-of-fit index >0.8 regarding both paternal and maternal PBI. When considering invariance of factor structure across age subgroups, the Kendler model was also the only acceptable model. Conclusion: Three-factor structures are preferable to two-factor structures. The Kendler model was the only one to provide an acceptable fit, but it must be considered that it was a female sample, and when considering gender subgroups other studies have found the same results. Despite the gender limitation, the present study contributes to a better understanding and use of the PBI in Brazilian samples.

Parental bonding and emotional response to trauma: A study of rape victims

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impact of parental bonding as a resilience or a risk factor for psychopathology after rape. Women rape victims were assessed regarding the perception of parental bonding in childhood, acute posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, acute stress disorder (ASD), and clinical severity. The perception of having less affective parents was correlated with severity, and ASD was more frequent in participants with less affectionate and more controlling fathers. Perceived support was associated with clinical impairment. These findings could help in identifying those who need early interventions and highlight the importance of social and emotional support in facing traumatic situations, reinforcing aspects of the parent–child relationship that generate adults more apt to face adverse situations.

Mental states as part of countertransference responses in psychotherapists facing reports of traumatic events of mourning and sexual violence.

Abstract The study aims to compare the mental states and countertransference responses of 92 psychodynamically oriented psychotherapists, male and female, experienced and inexperienced, facing written reports of real patients who experienced traumatic events. Two vignettes were presented: one of a sexual violence, the other the sudden death of a significant person. The Mental States Rating System (MSRS; Bouchard, Picard, Audet, Brisson, & Carrier, 1998), the MSRS Self-Report (Goldfeld & Bouchard, 2004), and the Inventory of Countertransference Behavior (ICB; Friedman & Gelso, 2000) were used. Results showed that the mourning vignette led to more reflective responses (MSRS) and the rape case was associated with more negative countertransference reactions (ICB). Female participants were more reflective (MSRS); male therapists used less mentalized states (MSRS Self-Report) and expressed more negative reactions (ICB) for both scenarios. Experienced therapists showed more positive reactions on the ICB. The construct validity of the instruments is discussed in relation to the findings.

Contratransferência e trauma psíquico

This article aims at reviewing important aspects of the relationship between countertransference and care of patients who were victims of psychic trauma. The treatment of traumatized patients is a potential source of psychic suffering to their therapists as well, due to the emotional burden involved and to the chances of evoking strong countertransferential reactions. A better understanding of this process could be a valuable contribution to treatment outcome, besides promoting mental health protection and prevention for therapists. Firstly, psychic trauma will be approached from its concept and definitions, including considerations on posttraumatic stress disorder and extending to countertransference reactions and their meaning in the context of traumatic situations. The impact of treating trauma victims will also be discussed through the relevance of vicarious traumatization, a phenomenon whose comprehension has been pointed out as crucial to provide better care to psychological trauma victims.

A relação entre os mecanismos de defesa e a qualidade da aliança terapêutica em psicoterapia de orientação analítica

BACKGROUND: The quality of a therapeutic alliance is essential in psychoanalytic psychotherapy and influences the therapeutic process. This study evaluated the relationship between the level of defense mechanisms and the quality of therapeutic alliance established during psychotherapy. METHOD: Patients in psychotherapy and their respective therapists completed the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (patient version and therapist version, respectively). The level of defenses was inferred by the Defensive Functioning Scale proposed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision. RESULTS: There was no association between the quality of therapeutic alliance and the patients level of defense mechanisms in this sample. On the other hand, there was a difference when the therapist version was compared to the patient version: patients established a stronger therapeutic alliance in relation to their therapists. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of influence of defense level in the quality of therapeutic alliance suggests that the therapists training and personal characteristics may lead to the ability of connecting with the patient, despite impairment in their psychic functioning.

Adaptação transcultural do Mental States Rating System para o português brasileiro

INTRODUCTION: This article presents a cross-cultural adaptation of the Mental States Rating System, a content analysis scale applied to spoken, written or taped material, which covers a wide range of countertransference categories. METHOD: The following steps were performed: conceptual equivalence, item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, functional equivalence, and approval of the final version by the author of the original instrument. RESULTS: The study has reached the objectives of equivalence, and the final Brazilian Portuguese version has been approved by the original author. CONCLUSION: The study provides a Brazilian Portuguese version of an instrument that not only covers all the range of categories encompassed by countertransference described in the literature, but also expands it through the Mental States Theory. This represents a valuable tool for research on psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, where countertransference has proved to be an important resource, especially for the treatment of diseases based on early stages of development, for severe mental diseases and severe trauma.

Adaptação transcultural do Inventory of Countertransference Behavior (ICB) para o português brasileiro

OBJECTIVE: This article presents a cross-cultural adaptation of the Inventory of Countertransference Behavior into Brazilian Portuguese. The Inventory of Countertransference Behavior is a 21-item scale designed to assess countertransferential behavior. This scale, which should be completed by the supervisor after a supervised session, comprehends countertransference and its positive and negative categories. METHOD: The following steps were performed: conceptual equivalence, item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, functional equivalence, and approval of the final version by the author of the original instrument. RESULTS: The study reached the objectives of equivalence, and the final Brazilian Portuguese version was approved by the original author. CONCLUSION: This adaptation provides a Brazilian Portuguese version of a practical instrument to assess positive and negative countertransference. It represents a valuable instrument for therapists, supervisors and researchers on psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, where countertransference has proved to be an important resource, especially to the treatment of diseases based on early stages of development, as well as to severe cases and severe trauma.

Desenvolvimento da versão em português do Brasil do questionário sobre padrão de relacionamentos Beziehungs-Muster Fragebogen

INTRODUCTION: The Beziehungs-Muster Fragebogen (BeMus-3), known in the international literature as the Relationship Patterns Questionnaire (RPQ), is a questionnaire that evaluates the central pattern of relationship. The development of its Brazilian Portuguese version aims at introducing, in our country, a self-report measurement to implement research projects involving the construct of transference. METHODOLOGY: The development stages of this version were: obtaining permission from the authors; translation of the original instrument into Brazilian Portuguese; evaluation and adjustment of the translated material by psychiatry and psychology professionals; back-translation; evaluation of semantic equivalence; consensus of psychiatry and psychology professionals on the adequacy of the instrument to our culture; interchange with the target population. CONCLUSION: BeMus-3 is a self-report measurement to assess the transference or central pattern of relationship that can facilitate the implementation of projects to investigate the transference-related aspects of therapeutic relationship. This method is easy to apply and analyze, has a low cost and does not require the use of video or voice recorders during the session. Investigative studies on the pattern of relationship may provide further results on the adaptability of this instrument to our culture.