Lúcio de Paula Amaral

Anesthesia and transport of fat snook Centropomus parallelus with the essential oil of Nectandra megapotamica(Spreng.) Mez

This study analyzed the chemical composition and anesthetic potential of essential oil (EO) of Nectandra megapotamica in fat snook (Centropomus parallelus). For the extraction of EO by hydrodistillation, leaves were separated in young (EO-Y) or old (EO-O), and the chemical composition of the EOs was determined by CG-MS. The anesthetic potential was assessed by the evaluation of induction and recovery time of anesthesia and stress response from anesthesia and transport. Three experiments were carried out: i) four different concentrations of each EO were tested to evaluate anesthesia induction and recovery time; ii) two concentrations of EO-O were tested for the evaluation of its effects on stress parameters (glucose, lactate, and Na+ and K+ plasma levels) caused by anesthesia; and iii) fish were transported in plastic bags, supplied with two concentrations of EO-O for the evaluation of water quality and mortality. All experiments were performed on fish acclimated to 0 and 33 ppt salinity. The main constituents of the Y and O-EOs were bicyclogermacrene (46.5/34.6%), α-pinene (26.8/26.2%), β-pinene (7.9/12.3%), and germacrene D (9.6/9.1%). Mild sedation was achieved at 30 °L L-1(1.3-3.2 min) and deep anesthesia at 150 °L L-1(5.6-8.0 min) with both EOs. The recovery time ranged from 1-10 min. The EO-O was not able to avoid the stress of anesthesia evidenced by elevated glucose and lactate plasma levels observed in all groups. Plasma levels of Na+ and K+ were not significantly affected by treatments. During transport, the use of EO-O did not prevent deterioration in water quality and the post-transport mortality. In conclusion, the EO of N. megapotamica has anesthetic activity in fat snook, but it was not able to prevent the stress of anesthesia and transport.

Seasonal influence on the essential oil production of Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez

This study evaluated the seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Nectandra megapotamica. Fresh young (YL) and old leaves (OL) obtained from three trees in each season (Nov/2010 to Sep/2011) collected in Santa Maria-RS were hydrodistilled in triplicate. The chemical composition was determined by the gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the yield on dry basis was evaluated by two-way ANOVA (seasons, development stage). Spring (Sp) and summer (Su) showed higher average incomes (0.45 and 0.33%), which occurred when flowering, fruiting, and growth of YL and senescence of OL took place, while autumn (Au) presented the lowest yield (0.25%) during the rustification of OL. The highest yield was obtained for the YL in Sp (0.59%) and the lowest for the OL in Au (0.21%). The major constituents of the EO were independent from the season and were identified as α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, β-pinene, germacrene D, and limonene. Seasonality and phenology influenced the production of EO probably due to morphological and metabolic alterations in the leaves as well as due to the needs of the tree, such as attraction and/or protection.

Larvicidal activity of Brazilian plant essential oils against Coenagrionidae larvae.

ABSTRACT Odonate larvae can be serious pests that attack fish larvae, postlarvae, and fingerlings in fish culture tanks, causing significant loss in the supply and production of juveniles. This study reports a screen of the essential oils (EOs) of Nectandra megapotamica (Sprengel) Mez, Nectandra grandiflora Nees, Hesperozygis ringens (Bentham) Epling, Ocimum gratissimum L., Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hooker) Troncoso, and Lippia sidoides Chamisso against Coenagrionidae larvae. In addition, the most effective EO and its 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and chemical analysis are described. The larvae of Acanthagrion Selys, Homeoura Kennedy, Ischnura Charpentier, and Oxyagrion Selys were used to assess the EO effects. EO obtained from H. ringens, O. gratissimum, and L. sidoides showed the highest larvicidal effects at 19 h of treatment.Themajor constituents of theEOofH. ringens include pulegone and limonene, while eugenol and Z-&bgr;-ocimene predominate in the EO of O. gratissimum, and carvacrol and &pgr;-cymene were the major compounds of the EO of L. sidoides. Leaf EOs from H. ringens, O. gratissimum, and L. sidoides showed activity against Coenagrionidae larvae at similar concentrations with LC50s of 62.92, 75.05, and 51.65 µl liter-1, respectively, and these were considered the most promising treatments.

Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling.

This study was developed to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling, a native species from the Brazilian Pampa. Leaves were collected from four specimens of a single population in each of the four seasons for a year and were extracted in triplicate by hydro-distillation for 2 hours. The yield of EO (% w/w) was calculated on fresh weight basis (FWB), and the 16 oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as statistical tools to evaluate differences in chemical composition. The highest yields were obtained in autumn, spring and summer (2.32-4.38%), while the lowest yields were detected in winter, ranging from 1.15 to 1.91%. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the predominant class of chemical constituents in the EO obtained in all seasons, showing the highest contents in autumn and summer, and pulegone was identified as a major compound, whose contents varied between 54.13 and 81.17%. The EO samples were divided into three chemical groups by HCA and PCA and were assigned to the same group, except for the three samples gathered in winter. The results showed a seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the EO.

Influência da floresta alterada na distribuição espacial de três espécies da Floresta Ombrófila Mista avaliada pela geoestatística

RESUMO – Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar e representar a distribuicao espacial dos individuos de tres especies da Floresta Ombrofila Mista (FOM), sob disturbio ocasionado por acoes antropicas, utilizando geoestatistica e interpolacoes por krigagem, bem como verificar a influencia das alteracoes da floresta no resultado obtido com essa metodologia. Os dados foram obtidos de levantamento fitossociologico realizado em 2007, contendo 45 unidades amostrais (ua) de 500 m 2 , em que foram mensurados individuos com DAP 10 cm. O fragmento, localizado em General Carneiro, PR, passou por ciclos de exploracao de madeira, erva-mate, xaxim, pastoreio e coleta de sementes, que causaram abertura de grandes clareiras, contendo alta densidade de taquaras. Posteriormente, a area foi transformada em Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural. A condicao de floresta alterada interferiu nos resultados para distribuicao espacial dos individuos de D. sellowiana, M. scabrella e I. paraguariensis (xaxim, bracatinga e erva-mate) por ua. Apesar de ser detectada alta dependencia espacial (>75%), foi tambem observada quebra da continuidade espacial para distribuicao dessas especies. Conclui-se que, nessa condicao, geoestatistica e krigagem nao sao indicadas devido aos usos inadequados dado a floresta, podendo ser utilizadas outras tecnicas de interpolacao para evitar as extrapolacoes de medias obtidas na amostragem da area total do fragmento. No entanto, por apresentar sensibilidade as alteracoes das florestas, analises geoestatisticas devem ser experimentadas quanto a sua utilizacao na avaliacao da capacidade de resposta da floresta a eventos impactantes de grande magnitude.

Essential Oil of the Brazilian Native Species Hesperozygis ringens: A Potential Alternative to Control Weeds

Abstract This study evaluated the allelopathic effect of the Hesperozygis ringens essential oil using dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous seeds which are classified as weeds [Bidens pilosa and Lolium multiflorum], bioindicators [Lactuca sativa and Avena strigosa] and crops [Glycine max and Oryza sativa]. The essential oil from the leaves was extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The extractive was diluted in ethanol, Tween 20 and water, and then tested at concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.50, and 5.00% (v/v). Water and the highest concentration of the solvents were used as control groups. The analyzed variables were germination, emergence velocity index, roots and shoot lengths and total seedlings length. Pulegone was the major essential oil compound representing 82.02% of the composition. Considering dicot seeds, the highest concentration of the extractive completely inhibited the germination of Bidens pilosa without affecting the germination of Lactuca sativa and Glycine max. On monocots, the highest essential oil concentration affected the germination of Lolium multiflorum and Avena strigosa without affecting the Oryza sativa one. The results indicate that the extractive has the potential to control weeds because they were more affected than the crops.

ANÁLISE DO EFEITO DA SAZONALIDADE SOBRE O RENDIMENTO DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DAS FOLHAS DE Nectandra grandiflora Nees1

Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar o efeito da sazonalidade sobre o teor de oleo essencial (OE) presente nas folhas de Nectandra grandiflora Nees e determinar se a secagem do material vegetal a temperatura ambiente influencia o rendimento do OE. Para tanto, foi coletado material vegetal de 12 individuos ao longo de um ano, e o OE foi extraido separadamente de folhas frescas e folhas secas, pelo metodo de hidrodestilacao. Paralelamente, 20 g de folhas frescas foram levados a estufa a 40 °C ate peso constante, para determinacao do teor de umidade, procedimento esse realizado para cada coleta, individualmente. O rendimento de OE das folhas (% m/m) foi calculado para o material vegetal fresco com base em massa de materia seca, determinado considerando o teor de umidade, bem como para o material seco a temperatura ambiente. Os dados de rendimento foram analisados atraves do teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que o teor de OE das folhas da especie apresentou variabilidade sazonal, com a maior producao detectada na primavera (0,75 ± 0,06%). Esse valor foi estatisticamente diferente dos rendimentos encontrados nas outras estacoes do ano, sendo o menor rendimento obtido no inverno (0,39 ± 0,02%). Desse modo, indica-se que a coleta de folhas de N. grandiflora seja realizada durante a primavera, visando obter maior teor de OE. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que nao ha perda de teor OE durante o processo de secagem a temperatura ambiente e, dessa forma, esse procedimento pos-colheita podera vir a ser adotado sem comprometer o rendimento do extrativo.