Ludmila Mourão

Women's football in Brazil: progress and problems.

Football is a male sport in Brazil. Small wonder as women were forbidden to play football by law until 1975. Federal Club, the first official womens team was established only in 1977. Womens football progressed rapidly in the early 1980s due to support from big companies, such as Coppertone, Pernambucanas, Cinzano and Unibanco. Radar Club, the most famous womens soccer club, was created in 1982. Unfortunately, during the championships of 1984, fighting broke out between Radar and Bangu. The media and educational authorities used this to attack womens participation in football and financial support from big companies was withdrawn. However, Brazilian women continued to play football and not without international success. The Brazilian womens team obtained third place at the International Womens Football Championships in 1988, first place at the First Womens Football World Championships in 1991 and fourth place at the Atlanta Olympics in 1996. This study will consider the progress of Brazilian womens football against a background of national discouragement, covert and overt resistance and gender prejudice.

Representações de adolescentes femininas sobre os critérios de seleção utilizados para a participação em aulas mistas de educação física

O presente estudo observa que as oportunidades desiguais no cotidiano da educacao fisica escolar apontam para corporeidades generificadas que se referenciam na excelencia da habilidade tecnica dos movimentos, normalmente conseguida pelos meninos. Dessa forma, tornase relevante investigar as representacoes de escolares do 4o Ciclo sobre os criterios de selecao utilizados para sua participacao em aulas mistas. Atraves de uma perspectiva etnografica, analisamos o discurso de doze adolescentes e observamos oitenta aulas em quatro Escolas Publicas Municipais do Rio de Janeiro. Verificamos que os criterios de selecao sao definidos pela habilidade e tecnica dos gestos esportivos e que os professores utilizam como referencia desses gestos o padrao da habilidade masculina. Como as meninas, na sua maioria, nao alcancam este perfil tecnico, elas se mantem excluidas das aulas mistas, mesmo quando o professor tem a preocupacao de criar oportunidades iguais de participacao.

EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, GÊNERO E ESCOLA: UMA ANÁLISE DA PRODUÇÃO ACADÊMICA

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as argumentacoes que sustentam a afirmacao de discriminacao das meninas nas aulas de educacao fisica, na producao das pesquisas dos programas sensu stricto em educacao fisica do banco de teses da CAPES. Cinco estudos foram identificados e analisados a partir das categorias analiticas: propostas das pesquisas; discriminacao nas aulas de educacao fisica; a esportivizacao e o sexismo, e o conceito de sexismo. As pesquisas, de um lado, denunciam o sistema escolar por reforcar o sexismo mas, por outro, apontam que genero nao e o unico fator de inclusao e exclusao.

Representação social da mulher brasileira nas atividades físico-desportivas: da segregação à democratização

The aim of this study is to describe the meaning of social representations associated with Brazilian women in physical-sport activity from 1870, when women tended to be excluded from these activities, to 1 950, when there was a widespread process of democratization of womens access to sports, which culminated in the first Womens Olympic Games, in Rio de Janeiro. With the support of multiple methodological approaches, the study considers: (a) the testimony of Brazilian intellectuals-medical doctors, jurists and educators - involved with the issue of women in sports in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century (Nisia Floresta, Joao da Matta Machado, Rui Barbosa, Fernando de Azevedo, Orlando Rangel Sobrinho and Afrânio Peixoto); (b) semi-structured interviews with elite informants considered icons of the movement of womens emancipation in/through sports: Maria Lenk, Yara Vaz, Aida dos Santos and Roselee Viana Ribeiro, and (c) media documents, mainly those concerned with the Spring Games, the first Womens Olympic Games, organized by the Jornal dos Sports from 1949 to 1972. The interpretation and analysis of the different materiais is based on the theoretical principies of content and discourse analysis and on some fundamental categories of social representations, especially the formulations of Abric and Sa concerning the nuclear and peripheric systems of representations. Resuits indicate to some expressive changes in the process of womens emancipation in sports associated with the peripheric system. The evidence points to an increasing emancipation in womens sports practice: more mobility in the sports scene, a decrease in the restrictions on women s participation in sports considered to be masculine, a decrease in the control of the family and of the micro-social context over the choice of sports. On the other hand, the nuclear social representations have been more resistant to change, continuing to conceive the sports space as being peculiar to men, who dominate the sports scene in terms of positions, honors, prestige in the media, sponsorship and financial return. We conclude that the process of Brazilian womens emancipation in sport, encouraged by some women-icons, is taking place in a non-confronting manner revealing a non-violent mechanism of space occupation, with efficient strategies in terms of practice, but not as ef f icient in terms of representations. All in ali, we are led to conclude that women athletes still have to put up with the consequences of negative and restrictive evaluations, associated with the change from private space to public space in sports. The study supplies positive evidence for the hypothesis that, although dinamically different, the representations and practices associated with the same symbolic field are reciprocally engendered.

Ignoring Taboos: Maria Lenk, Latin American Inspirationalist

Maria Lenk is widely recognized as an exceptional athlete who participated in womens sport from around 1930 until 1950. In 1932, at the age of seventeen, she was the first woman to be included in a Latin American delegation to the Olympic Games. As a swimmer, she still sets world records at the age of eighty-six. This super-champions sporting achievements and her persistent dedication to the advancement of sport still impress and surprise todays professional swimmers and researchers. Contextualised in the male-dominated society of Brazil during the first half of the twentieth century, this chapter traces the achievement, and rise to international fame, of Maria Lenk. It examines the factors that enabled her to emerge not only as an important figure in sport but also as an icon of female emancipation in Brazilian and Latin American society. The focus is on Lenks influence on the issues which affected the development of womens sport in Latin America. It also highlights the significance of Lenks contribution to the changing place of women in Brazilian and South American society.

A baixa representatividade de mulheres como técnicas esportivas no Brasil

O estudo buscou identificar e analisar as razoes associadas a baixa representatividade feminina no cargo de tecnica. As informantes foram treze tecnicas de oito modalidades. Os dados foram coletados atraves de entrevista semiestruturada e consultas com entidades esportivas. Constatou-se que as mulheres representam apenas 7% dos tecnicos brasileiros. Como motivos para a pequena atuacao feminina no cargo emergiram as barreiras enfrentadas pelas tecnicas; a dificuldade de ascensao; a aceitacao feminina da exclusao; a falta de mulheres com perfil; e a desistencia da carreira.

AUTOMOBILISMO CARIOCA: MEMÓRIAS DE UM PILOTO E AS CORRIDAS DE RUA DE 1954 A 1966

This research deals with motorsport development and its relations with the urban growth of Rio de Janeiro between 1954 and 1966, including the end of the “Circuito da Gavea” and the construction of the Speedway. The oral history and the literature of the sport helped to clarify the changes related to the involvement of the motorsport with politics, the arrival of the automotive industry, the popularization of automobile, and social and urban changes. The results pointed to a sense of troubled development allocated between national prosperity and bad administration of motoring, which was marked by immediate, improvised and private actions.

Barriers faced by brazilian female coaches

No Brasil, a representatividade de mulheres como treinadoras esportivas e muito baixa. Diante desse cenario, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar as barreiras encontradas por treinadoras brasileiras em sua carreira. As participantes da pesquisa foram treze tecnicas esportivas de oito modalidades. O metodo empregado foi a analise de conteudo proposta por Bardin. A producao de dados foi realizada atraves de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As principais barreiras identificadas foram a apropriacao majoritaria do espaco pelos homens, o preconceito, o conflito entre vida pessoal e a vida profissional, e a baixa remuneracao. Concluiu-se que as treinadoras enfrentam muitas dificuldades, as quais limitam a presenca de mulheres no comando esportivo brasileiro.

PERFORMATIVIDADES DE GÊNERO E A ABJEÇÃO DOS CORPOS DE MULHERES NO LEVANTAMENTO DE PESO

This article reviews gender experiences, abjection of female weight-lifting athletes’ bodies and their agencies. To this end, we provide observations about practice sessions by interviewing eight athletes under the frameworks of poststructuralist gender and sexuality studies. Athletes’ narratives expose world views based on gender and sexuality binarisms, and their bodies bear the marks of sports experiences reflected in the volume, strength and high muscular power. Such bodily inscriptions bring out instability and discontinuity of the normative sex-genre-desire system and build superlative, “robust” and consequently stigmatized and abject femininities. These changes raise “suspicion” about their sexualities and heteronormativity takes center stage in the process of abjection in their relationships of sociability. As these women “subvert” standardized bodily expectations, they performatize resistances and pluralization of femininities in sport.

RESENHA DO LIVRO MULHERES NO OCTÓGONO: PERFORMATIVIDADES DE CORPOS, DE GÊNEROS E DE SEXUALIDADES

This is a review of Mulheres no Octogono: Performatividades de Corpos, de Generos e de Sexualidades (Women in the Octagon: Performativities of Bodies, Gender and Sexuality) by Carla Lisboa Grespan. Based on the author’s Master’s dissertation, the study is situated within post-structuralist and queer studies on gender and sexuality related to Physical Education and sports bodily practices. It raises relevant reflections on discursive taboo, stigma and discriminatory processes on Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) female athletes in cyberspace. It also contributes to processes of giving visibility and questioning the experiences of those athletes in the sports field of struggles.