Luiz Antonio Daniel

Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products.

Estrogens constitute a recognized group of environmental emerging contaminants which have been proven to induce estrogenic effects in aquatic organisms exposed to them. Low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants results in the presence of this type of contaminants in surface waters and also even in finished drinking water. This manuscript reviews the environmental occurrence of natural (estrone, estradiol and estriol) and synthetic (ethynyl estradiol) estrogens in different water matrices (waste, surface, ground and drinking water), and their removal mainly via chemical oxidative processes. Oxidative treatments have been observed to be very efficient in eliminating estrogens present in water; however, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated during the process. Characterization of these DBPs is essential to assess the risk that drinking water may potentially pose to human health since these DBPs may also have endocrine disrupting properties. This manuscript reviews the DBPs generated during oxidative processes identified so far in the literature and the estrogenicity generated by the characterized DBPs and/or by the applied disinfection technology.

Identification of new ozonation disinfection byproducts of 17β-estradiol and estrone in water.

Estrogens are a class of micro-pollutants found in water at low concentrations (in the ng L(-1) range), but often sufficient to exert estrogenic effects due to their high estrogenic potency. Disinfection of waters containing estrogens through oxidative processes has been shown to lead to the formation of disinfection byproducts, which may also be estrogenic. The present work investigates the formation of disinfection byproducts of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in the treatment of water with ozone. Experiments have been carried out at two different concentrations of the estrogens in ground water (100 ng L(-1) and 100 μg L(-1)) and at varying ozone dosages (0-30 mg L(-1)). Detection of the estrogens and their disinfection byproducts in the water samples has been performed by means of ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) and a quadrupole-time of flight (QqTOF) instrument. Both E2 and E1 have been found to form two main byproducts, with molecular mass (MM) 288 and 278 in the case of E2, and 286 and 276 in the case of E1, following presumably the same reaction pathways. The E2 byproduct with MM 288 has been identified as 10 epsilon-17beta-dihydroxy-1,4-estradieno-3-one (DEO), in agreement with previously published results. The molecular structures and the formation pathways of the other three newly identified byproducts have been suggested. These byproducts have been found to be formed at both high and low concentrations of the estrogens and to be persistent even after application of high ozone dosages.

Anaerobic effluent disinfection using ozone: byproducts formation.

This research was aimed at studying oxidation processes, coliform inactivation effectiveness and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) associated with the disinfection of anaerobic sanitary wastewater effluent with ozone applied at doses of 5.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg O(3)L(-1) for contact times of 5, 10 and 15 min. The wastewater used in this research was generated by the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), University of São Paulo - Brazil. The total coliform inactivation range was 2.00-4.06 log(10), and the inactivation range for Escherichia coli was 2.41-4.65 log(10). Mean chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions were 37.6%, 48.8% and 42.4% for doses of 5.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg O(3)L(-1), respectively. Aldehyde formation varied with dosage only when the ozone dose was increased from 5.0 to 8.0mg O(3)L(-1) for acetaldehyde and from 5.0 to 8.0 and from 8.0 to 10.0mg O(3)L(-1) for glyoxal.

Comparação entre hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na inativação de E. coli, colifagos e C. perfringens em água com elevada concentração de matéria orgânica

The research comparing the action of sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid to disinfect drinking water with high concentration organic matter was carried out in similar conditions. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was from 4.652 to 30.13 mg/L in raw water, from 5.105 to 26.16 mg/L in water disinfected with chlorine and from 15.89 to 32.72 mg/L in water disinfected with peracetic acid. The efficiency of the two disinfectants was evaluated comparing the inactivation of three indicator microorganisms: Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, coliphages and Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 previously cultivated and inoculated to the water just before the essay. The Chlorine and peracetic acid concentrations applied was 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mg/L each of them with contact time of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. When applying 3.0 mg/L of chlorine 3 log inactivation of E. coli with 20 minutes contact time, 2.92 log inactivation of coliphages with 10 minutes contact time and 2 log inactivation of C. perfringens with 15 minutes contact time was obtained. The peracetic acid was effective for the inactivation of all indicator microorganisms even to water with high concentration organic matter. Using peracetic acid dosage of 5 mg/L more than 6 log inactivation of E. coli with 15 minutes contact time, more than 5 log inactivation of coliphages with 20 minutes contact time and more than 4 log inactivation of C. perfringens with 10 minutes contact time was obtained.

Occurrence and removal of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Brazil

ABSTRACT Sewage and sewage sludge have been recognized as potential sources of two important waterborne pathogenic protozoa: Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. Due to the lack of studies about the occurrence of these pathogens in sewage and sludge in Brazil, an investigation was conducted at various stages of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) aiming to assess the occurrence of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, their removal by the treatment processes, which are upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and dissolved air flotation process, and also the correlations between protozoa and indicator microorganisms. Significant quantities of cysts were detected in 100% of the analyzed wastewater samples, while oocysts were detected only in 39.0% of all wastewater samples. The overall removal of Giardia spp. cysts from the WWTP was on average 2.03 log, and the UASB reactor was more efficient than flotation. The sludge samples presented high quantities of (oo)cysts, implying the risks of contamination in the case of sludge reuse or inadequate disposal. Giardiasis prevalence was estimated between 2.21% and 6.7% for the population served by the WWTP, while cryptosporidiosis prevalence was much lower. Significant positive correlation was obtained only between cysts and Clostridium spores in anaerobic effluent.

Synergism effects for Escherichia coli inactivation applying the combined ozone and chlorine disinfection method.

Water disinfection assays were carried out using ozone and chlorine in non‐sequential steps – the individual method – and in sequential steps – the combined ozone/chlorine method. Escherichia coli strain ATCC 11229 was used as the indicator microorganism. For the assays using the individual method, the applied dosages of ozone were 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L, and 2.0 and 5.0 mg/L of chlorine were used. For the assays applying the combined method, the dosages (dosage combination) were, in mg/L: 2.0 O3 + 2.0 Cl2, 3.0 O3 + 2.0 Cl2, 5.0 O3 + 2.0 Cl2 and 2.0 O3 + 5.0 Cl2. The applied contact times were 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes for the individual method as well as for the combined method. For all used dosages and contact times, E. coli inactivation was superior to the inactivation obtained in the individual method, indicating the occurrence of synergism for E. coli inactivation in the combined method.

Comparison of selected methods for recovery of Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in wastewater.

More precise methods are needed to recover Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts from wastewater in order to advance research related to their inactivation, removal, quantification, and species differentiation. This study applied different methods to recover the maximum number of (oo)cysts from wastewater samples using ColorSeed®. Immunomagnetic separation assisted in capturing oocysts mainly in samples with medium and low turbidity. A triple centrifugation method reached recovery rates of 85% and 20%, for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, respectively, in raw wastewater, and 62.5 and 17.5% in secondary-treated effluent. For low turbidity-treated effluent, membrane filtration reached 67.5% recovery for Giardia cysts and 22.5% for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Simple, quick and low-cost methods do not involve much handling of the samples and could be useful, particularly in developing countries.

Degradação parcial de 17β-estradiol por cloração aplicada ao tratamento da água

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degradation of the estrogen 17-estradiol at doses of chlorine and contact times commonly used in water βtreatment plants. The application of chlorine led to minor changes in most parameters examined. The initial concentration of the hormone affected the removal by chlorine and was observed that increasing the dose of chlorine increased the removal of 17-estradiol until the dose of 2 mg.Lβ -1 . The highest removal of hormone obtained was 99%, and inactivation of the indicator microorganisms, E. coli and total coliform was up to 5.6 log for values of CT greater than 14 mg.min.L -1 .Keywords: chlorination; disinfection; estrogen; endocrine disrupting; hormone; oxidation. Endereco para correspondencia: Renata de Oliveira Pereira – Rua Joao Lourenco Kelmer, s/n – Campus Universitario – 36036-330 – Juiz de Fora (MG), Brasil – E-mail: renata.pereira@ufjf.edu.brRecebido: 03/08/12 – Aceito: 21/06/13 – Reg. ABES: 501 Introducao A presenca de contaminantes recalcitrantes na hidrosfera, devido as atividades industrial e agricola, tem levado a uma preocupacao particular com a qualidade das aguas superficiais, subterrâneas e marinhas. Entre os compostos que causam risco a saude destacam-se os desreguladores endocrinos (DE), que sao compostos quimicos exogenos que interfe-rem na atividade hormonal pela acao de receptores (MAIA e DEZOTTI, 2007). Tais substâncias podem ser de origem antropica, tambem deno-minadas xenobioticos, ou de origem natural, tais como os fitoestrogenios. Varios efeitos tem sido atribuidos a exposicao a esses compostos, tais como a diminuicao na quantidade de esperma, o aumento de

Dissolved air flotation as a potential treatment process to remove Giardia cysts from anaerobically treated sewage.

ABSTRACT Controlling Giardia cysts in sewage is an essential barrier for public health protection, reducing possible routes of protozoa transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of dissolved air flotation (DAF), on a bench scale, to remove Giardia cysts from anaerobic effluent. Moreover, removals of indicator microorganisms and physical variables were also investigated. Flocculation conditions were studied, associating different flocculation times with different mean velocity gradients. DAF treatment achieved mean log removals in the range of 2.52–2.62 for Giardia cysts, depending on the flocculation condition. No statistical differences were observed among the flocculation conditions in terms of cyst removal. Low levels of turbidity and apparent color obtained from the treated effluent may indicate good treatment conditions for the DAF process in cyst removal. Indicator microorganisms were not able to predict the parasitological quality of the wastewater treated by flotation in terms of cyst concentrations. The DAF process provided an effective barrier to control cysts from sewage, which is an important parasite source.

UASB reactor effluent disinfection by ozone and chlorine

This research studied the sequential ozone and chlorine process with respect to, the inactivation of indicator bacteria and the formation of ozone disinfection byproducts in sanitary wastewater effluent. The applied ozone doses were 5, 8 and 10 mg.O3.L−1, followed by chlorine doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg.L−1, respectively. After the sequential ozone/chlorine process, the mean reduction in chemical oxygen demand ranged from 9 to 37%. Total coliform inactivation ranged from 1.59 to 3.73 log10, and E. coli was always <1 CFU 100 mL−1. Ozonation resulted in the formation of aldehydes, which were not significantly impacted by the subsequent chlorine dose (P ≤ 0.05).