Luiz Gamboa

Marine Biodiversity in the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of South America: Knowledge and Gaps

The marine areas of South America (SA) include almost 30,000 km of coastline and encompass three different oceanic domains--the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Atlantic--ranging in latitude from 12∘N to 55∘S. The 10 countries that border these coasts have different research capabilities and taxonomic traditions that affect taxonomic knowledge. This paper analyzes the status of knowledge of marine biodiversity in five subregions along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America (SA): the Tropical East Pacific, the Humboldt Current,the Patagonian Shelf, the Brazilian Shelves, and the Tropical West Atlantic, and it provides a review of ecosystem threats and regional marine conservation strategies. South American marine biodiversity is least well known in the tropical subregions (with the exception of Costa Rica and Panama). Differences in total biodiversity were observed between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans at the same latitude. In the north of the continent, the Tropical East Pacific is richer in species than the Tropical West Atlantic, however, when standardized by coastal length, there is very little difference among them. In the south, the Humboldt Current system is much richer than the Patagonian Shelf. An analysis of endemism shows that 75% of the species are reported within only one of the SA regions, while about 22% of the species of SA are not reported elsewhere in the world. National and regional initiatives focusing on new exploration, especially to unknown areas and ecosystems, as well as collaboration among countries are fundamental to achieving the goal of completing inventories of species diversity and distribution.These inventories will allow accurate interpretation of the biogeography of its two oceanic coasts and latitudinal trends,and will also provide relevant information for science based policies.

Sedimentary architecture and depositional evolution of the Quaternary coastal plain of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The coastal geomorphology of Marica (Rio de Janeiro state) is characterized by a large lagoon and by two sandy barriers that confine a series of small isolated chain-like lagoons. Data collected from ground-penetrating radar and boreholes from the central coastal plain of Marica provided information on the sedimentary architecture and evolution of this area in the Quaternary. Six lithological units were identified comprising three depositional sequences limited by erosional surfaces, related to barrier-lagoon systems that migrated onshore, offshore, and longshore, giving rise to a sedimentary deposit 25 m thick or more. The data reveal a retrograding barrier overlying a basal mud unit which rests in unconformity upon Precambrian basement, thus characterizing an important Pleistocene transgression. A second Pleistocene barrier of 45,000 cal years BP migrated over a lagoonal mud unit (48,000-45,000 cal years BP) reaching over the previous barrier. A progradational phase followed due to a fall of sea level. A long interval of erosion of the barrier created an unconformity that represents the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. A beachrock in nearby Itaipuacu, 100 m offshore from the present-day beach, dated as 8,500 cal years BP marks the onset of Holocene sedimentation due to gradually rising sea level, which continued until at about 5,000 years ago. This promoted the retrogradation of the barrier-lagoon system. A brief episode of progradation is observed as a series of paleobeach scarps. Todays rising sea level is causing the retrogradation of the barrier.

A utilização do Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) em estudos de estratigrafia na praia de Iataipuaçú - Maricá (RJ)

The association between data obtained from ground penetrating radar (GPR) and from boreholes at the Itaipuacu coastal plain (Marica-RJ) revealed information regarding the evolution of this coast. It has been possible to recognize a paleobarrier-lagoon environment and its associated inlets. The results indicated that the sedimentary sequence above basement is about 3 to 4 meters thick on the old sandy barrier and it is 10 meters thick towards the younger sandy barrier. The sedimentary sequence contains several horizontal to subhorizontal reflectors in addition to seaward dipping layers 15 to 40o, similar to the present-day Itaipuacu beach storm scarps. A bore hole trough the younger sandy barrier showed that the main sediment is coarse sand; however, at about 7,5 meters down the section an organic-rich lagoonal mud is present and 14C dating indicated the age of 5.900-6.400 years before present for such lagoonal environment. The water table is just 1 meter below surface on the plain between the two barriers deepening to 4 to 5 meters towards the younger sandy barrier. Water collected from this reservoir presents good quality for human consumption.