Luiz Villarinho Pereira Mendes

Disponibilidade de medicamentos nas unidades básicas de saúde e fatores relacionados: uma abordagem transversal

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou a caracterizacao da disponibilidade de medicamentos nas unidades basicas de saude (UBS) do Brasil e a identificacao de fatores organizacionais a ela asso ciados, utilizando banco de dados secundarios do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atencao Basica. O desfecho relacionado a disponibilidade de medicamentos, expresso de tres diferentes formas, foi explorado em relacao a variaveis explicativas relacionadas a caracteristicas da UBS e a assistencia farmaceutica. Encontrou-se disponibilidade media de 58,5%, que foi tambem baixa em todos os estratos populacionais; houve associacao estatisticamente significativa da variavel desfecho com todas as explicativas. Foi baixa a dis ponibilidade de medicamentos, mostrando-se inversamente associada com a organizacao geral da unidade de saude em geral e da assistencia farmaceutica em particular. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Atencao Primaria a Saude; Assistencia farmaceutica; Avaliacao de medicamentos; Politica nacional de medicamentos; Avaliacao em saude.

Morbidity and mortality associated with injuries: results of the Global Burden of Disease study in Brazil, 2008

The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of disease from external causes in 2008 in Brazil, based on DALYs (disability-adjusted life years). YLLs (years of life lost) were estimated according to the method proposed by Murray & Lopez (1996). Meanwhile, the method for estimating YLDs (years lived with disability) included methodological adjustments taking the Brazilian reality into account. The study showed a total of 195 DALYs per 100 thousand inhabitants, of which 19 DALYs were related to external causes. Among YLLs, 48% were from unintentional causes and 52% from intentional causes. Among YLDs, unintentional causes predominated, with 95%. The share of YLLs in DALYs was 90%. The cause with the highest proportion of YLLs was “homicide and violence” (43%), followed by “road traffic accidents” (31%). Falls accounted for the highest share of YLDs (36%). The sex ratio (male-to-female) was 4.8 for DALYs, and the predominant age bracket was 15-29 years. Since external causes are avoidable, the study provides potentially useful information for policymakers in public security and health.

Uso racional de medicamentos entre indivíduos com diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Este estudo tem como objetivo o uso racional de medicamentos (URM) entre individuos com Hipertensao Arterial (HA) e/ou Diabetes Mellitus (DM) atendidos em unidades basicas de saude no municipio do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal utilizando os dados de inquerito domiciliar realizado de janeiro a fevereiro de 2010. Foram elaborados indicadores para mensurar a taxa de adesao ao tratamento, automedicacao e cuidados domiciliares relacionados aos medicamentos. O tratamento dos dados incluiu analise uni e multivariada. Dos 547 pacientes entrevistados, 77,5% relataram nao costumar deixar sobrar medicamentos e 80,3% relataram nao costumar esquecer de toma-los. Quase a totalidade dos entrevistados relataram apenas tomar medicamentos prescritos por prescritores. Metade dos pacientes nao tinham medicamentos com validade vencida ou embalagem danificada no domicilio. Os testes estatisticos mostraram que houve maior uso racional entre hipertensos, individuos casados, que trabalham, que referem receber orientacoes de seu medico sobre dieta e exercicio fisico e que nao faltaram a consultas na unidade basica de saude nos 6 meses anteriores a pesquisa. O achados reforcam a importância da atencao primaria em saude para a promocao do URM.

Assistência farmacêutica no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: evolução em aspectos selecionados de 2008 a 2014

This article aims to analyze the development of pharmaceutical services in the context of the primary health care (PHC) in the period 2008- 2014, focusing on selection, procurement and financing of medicines. A retrospective study was undertaken, using as data sources administrative documents of Rio de Janeiro Municipality Health Secretariat (SMS-RJ) as well as secondary database. We found a growth of numbers medicines offered for PHC of 57 items in 2008 to 222 in 2014. Actual spending on drugs paid by the city has grown 38% in the period, with a reversal from 2010, of the proportion of PHC related to tertiary care drugs, reaching 2.4 times in 2014, the year that public spending on medicines per capita of PHC was 9% greater than the value agreed between the three federal levels. It can be concluded that there have been important changes in pharmaceutical services in Rio de Janeiro Municipality in the period following the reform of PHC held in this territory, with increasing the conditions for therapeutic coverage and increased drug funding. The growth of per capita public spending on medicines above the agreed value raises the need to strengthen the rationalization of management measures.This article aims to analyze the development of pharmaceutical services in the context of the primary health care (PHC) in the period 2008- 2014, focusing on selection, procurement and financing of medicines. A retrospective study was undertaken, using as data sources administrative documents of Rio de Janeiro Municipality Health Secretariat (SMS-RJ) as well as secondary database. We found a growth of numbers medicines offered for PHC of 57 items in 2008 to 222 in 2014. Actual spending on drugs paid by the city has grown 38% in the period, with a reversal from 2010, of the proportion of PHC related to tertiary care drugs, reaching 2.4 times in 2014, the year that public spending on medicines per capita of PHC was 9% greater than the value agreed between the three federal levels. It can be concluded that there have been important changes in pharmaceutical services in Rio de Janeiro Municipality in the period following the reform of PHC held in this territory, with increasing the conditions for therapeutic coverage and increased drug funding. The growth of per capita public spending on medicines above the agreed value raises the need to strengthen the rationalization of management measures.

Diferenciais de morbimortalidade por causas externas: resultados do estudo carga global de doenças no Brasil, 2008

The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of disease from external causes in 2008 in Brazil, based on DALYs (disability-adjusted life years). YLLs (years of life lost) were estimated according to the method proposed by Murray & Lopez (1996). Meanwhile, the method for estimating YLDs (years lived with disability) included methodological adjustments taking the Brazilian reality into account. The study showed a total of 195 DALYs per 100 thousand inhabitants, of which 19 DALYs were related to external causes. Among YLLs, 48% were from unintentional causes and 52% from intentional causes. Among YLDs, unintentional causes predominated, with 95%. The share of YLLs in DALYs was 90%. The cause with the highest proportion of YLLs was “homicide and violence” (43%), followed by “road traffic accidents” (31%). Falls accounted for the highest share of YLDs (36%). The sex ratio (male-to-female) was 4.8 for DALYs, and the predominant age bracket was 15-29 years. Since external causes are avoidable, the study provides potentially useful information for policymakers in public security and health.

A evolução da carga de causas externas no Brasil: uma comparação entre os anos de 1998 e 2008

The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.

Uso de serviços de saúde e de medicamentos por portadores de Hipertensão e Diabetes no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

This study aimed to describe and analyze factors associated with emergency care and hospitalization of hypertensive and diabetic patients in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, especially those related to the use of medicines. This is across-sectional study using secondary database from a household survey that approached hypertensive and diabetic patients. The outcome variables were: 1) seek for emergency careasa resultof complications related to hypertension and diabetes in the 12months preceding the interviews; 2) hospitalizationin the same period andfor the same reasons. Uni and bivariate analysis between exposure variables and each of the outcomes were performed using chi-square test at a significance level of 10%, which originated multivariate logistic regression analysis. Negative self-evaluation of health status was associated with both outcomes in the multivariate analysis. Having stopped taking the medications was associated with hospitalization and having missed a medical appointment in the last six months was associated with search for emergency care.

Evolution of the burden of injuries in Brazil: a comparison between 1998 and 2008

The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.

La evolución de la carga de causas externas en Brasil: una comparación entre los años 1998 y 2008

The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.The objective of this study was to compare estimates of external causes based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil Study for the years 1998 and 2008. Methods included estimation of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) and YLL (years of life lost), based on the methodology proposed in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Calculation of YLD (years lived with disability) required applying the same methodology in both years, with the 2008 methodology as the standard. Although external causes accounted for some 10% of total DALYs in both years, their internal distribution showed marked differences between regions of Brazil, with a decrease in the Southeast and increase in the North and Northeast. There was an increase in intentional causes, and YLLs accounted for the largest share of DALYs. The results can support new policies and/or improve existing ones to address external causes.

Morbimortalidad por las causas externas: resultados del estudio Carga Global de las Enfermedades en Brasil, 2008

The aim of this study was to estimate the global burden of disease from external causes in 2008 in Brazil, based on DALYs (disability-adjusted life years). YLLs (years of life lost) were estimated according to the method proposed by Murray & Lopez (1996). Meanwhile, the method for estimating YLDs (years lived with disability) included methodological adjustments taking the Brazilian reality into account. The study showed a total of 195 DALYs per 100 thousand inhabitants, of which 19 DALYs were related to external causes. Among YLLs, 48% were from unintentional causes and 52% from intentional causes. Among YLDs, unintentional causes predominated, with 95%. The share of YLLs in DALYs was 90%. The cause with the highest proportion of YLLs was “homicide and violence” (43%), followed by “road traffic accidents” (31%). Falls accounted for the highest share of YLDs (36%). The sex ratio (male-to-female) was 4.8 for DALYs, and the predominant age bracket was 15-29 years. Since external causes are avoidable, the study provides potentially useful information for policymakers in public security and health.