Łukasz Kryszak

Impact of different models of agriculture on greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions: A sectoral approach

It is estimated that farm practices are responsible for as much as 25–30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The scale of such emissions from agriculture depends on the model to which that sector conforms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the attributes of particular models of agriculture (i.e. labour, capital, land productivity, machinery, chemical, energy and water inputs) affect GHG emissions at the sectoral level. We test the hypothesis that the productivity of capital and labour as well as the intensity of inputs affect GHG emissions differently in countries with varying levels of economic development. The results indicate that in the poorest countries, a significant barrier to sustainable development is mechanization. In moderately wealthy countries there is a lack of stimuli to implement energy-saving technologies, while in the richest countries it is desirable that mechanization and chemicalization be reduced in favour of energy-saving technologies.

The Elasticity of Agricultural Income in the EU Member States Under Different Cost Structures

The aim of this paper was to determine whether the EU countries which vary in terms of their cost structure in agriculture, differ also with regard to the influence of capital-labour ratio and land supply per worker on labour profitability. It was assumed that data concerning the presence and character of those differences can contribute to better understanding of the nature of agricultural development in the EU countries. The main sources of data used in this paper were the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (Eurostat) and the FAOStat database. The study covered the period of 2004-2014. In the article it was shown that agriculture in the EU countries is varied in terms of cost structure, and in the cluster II, including mostly the countries of the so-called “new” EU, intermediate consumption is of relatively larger significance for their cost structure. In the countries of the “old” EU an important role is played by the depreciation of buildings and external services. Stronger influence of capital-labour ratio on the payment to the factor of labour was observed in the cluster II countries. In those countries, increasing capital expenditures was a more efficient strategy to increase income.

Czy mieszkając na wsi warto się kształcić? Kapitał ludzki jako determinanta dochodów na wsi i w mieście

The article aims to explore how human capital influences the amount of income of employees living in the countryside and in cities. Previous research into the impact of human capital on income in the countryside has mainly focused on the farming population, ignoring the non-agricultural population. These studies have used sex, region and place of origin as the variables that differentiate the strength of the relationship between human capital and income. Little interest has been devoted to differences between urban and rural areas. This article therefore tries to fill the existing research gap. The study is based on the data of the Social Diagnosis conducted between 2005 and 2015. The authors use log-linear regression to estimate the impact of selected human capital dimensions on incomes obtained. The results indicate that higher returns from human capital endowment are observed among employees living in rural areas although the differences between rural and urban residents have undergone a gradual decrease. The most important elements affecting their incomes are higher education and a driving license.

FARMERS’ AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ INCOME, SYMPTOMS OF MATERIAL DEPRIVATION IN POLAND’S COUNTRYSIDE

The main goal of the article was to assess the level and changes of income in the urban and rural as well as farmers and other socio-economic groups households in the context of material deprivation phenomenon. The second aim was an identification of convergence process between variables describing the income situation of the surveyed groups of households. Additionally, income inequality problems in different types of household as well as multidimensionality of the deprivation concept were also mentioned. All data including average monthly disposable income and the Gini index were provided by Central Statistical Office of Poland. The convergence process was evaluated using an sigma-convergence index. The results showed that in real terms farmers and rural household income has increased, however one may not observed the sigma-convergence process between farmers and other socio-economic groups households, as well as rural and urban households. It was possible to observe a significant level of income inequality among farmers and rural households, which was furthermore increasing in the analyzed period.

Payments under the Common Agricultural Policy as a determinant of development of different types of agricultural holdings

Summary The main aim of this article was to investigate the influence of payments under the CAP on economic development of different types of farms. The main source of data was FADN database. A period of research covers the years of 2004-2013. The article referred to previous results of research in the field of payments and its role for the economic situation of agricultural holdings. Then the share of payments in agricultural income was examined as well as the use of subsidies on investments. The process of accumulation, both in real and theoretical approach, and influence of this phenomenon on change of economic size were also presented. In addition the paper analysed the changes in return on equity in order to show the changes in economic efficiency of farms. The analyses that were conducted showed a significant role of payments in the formation of incomes and accumulation. On the other hand payments may lead to decrease in efficiency. In long term there is a risk that dependence on payments in functioning of farm will be excessive.