Lynn R. Anderson

Analysis of Variance in Small Group Research

This paper discusses an ANOVA design appropriate for small group research in which dependent variables are derived from individual member responses. In such instances, subjects are nested within groups and groups are nested within treatments. Conditions under which it would be appropriate to pool the subjects within groups means square with the groups mean square to form the error term for the ANOVA are discussed. Such an error term will have somewhat greater power than that based on the groups means square alone. A common practice of using the subjects within groups mean square alone as the error term is shown to be inappropriate.

Emergent leadership as a function of sex and task type

Emergent leadership was examined in relation to sex and task type; 120 subjects participated in four-person mixed-sex groups. Three task conditions (masculine, neutral, and feminine gender orientations) were tested with 10 groups in each condition. It was predicted and found that more men than women would emerge as leaders in the masculine and neutral task conditions, while more women would assume the leadership role in the feminine task condition. The effects of the gender orientation of a task are discussed. It is suggested that expertise with a task may explain the “task type” effect found.

Belief defense produced by derogation of message source

Abstract Discrediting the sources of messages attacking cultural truisms provided an effective belief defense which also bolstered the efficacy of a refutational defense and a supportive defense. The arguments in the attacking messages were rated less fair and less believable when attributed to a discredited source, but there were no differences in comprehension of arguments from credible and discredited sources.

Social and Emotional Loneliness: Gender Differences and Relationships with Self-Monitoring and Perceived Control

Little research focuses on the distinction between emotional and social loneliness, particularly within the African American population. This article provides insight into these overlooked dimensions of loneliness. African American under-graduates (50 men, 50 women) from a large predominantly White, Midwestern university completed measures of social and emotional loneliness, the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale, an index of perceived control, and several sociometric questions. Regression analyses indicated social loneliness—a lack of companionship—was inversely related to “number of close friends” and Ability to Modify Self-Presentation. For men, emotional loneliness—lack of intimacy with friends—was inversely related to having a reciprocated best friend. For women, emotional loneliness was inversely related to perceived control. Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others was significantly and inversely correlated with emotional loneliness only when individuals had high scores on the perceived control scale. We urge development of better scales for assessing these 2 critical forms of loneliness.

Sex Differences in the Relationship Between Self-Monitoring and Leader Behavior

A laboratory study and afield survey found that Snyders Self-Monitoring Test was significantly correlated with task-oriented leadership behavior (including Fiedlers Least Preferred Coworker Scale) only for female group leaders. There were no significant correlations between self-monitoring and social-emotional behavior of either male or female group leaders in either study. It was suggested that self- monitoring ability should enhance the enactment of nontraditional roles as in the case of women in leadership roles. Implications for self-monitoring and leadership training in groups are discussed.

Name ambiguity and androgyny

Subjects with gender-ambiguous names or nicknames (i.e., names that can belong to either males or females) were compared on Bems androgyny scale to subjects having common or uncommon first names or nicknames to determine if name ambiguity was related to sex-role identification. The results showed that for our sample of college undergraduates (N=489), both males (N=246) and females (N=243) with ambiguous nicknames (e.g., Pat, Tony, Marty) were more often classified as androgynous on the Bem inventory than were subjects with uncommon, common, or no nicknames. Ambiguous first names were unrelated to the androgyny scale. Name and nickname ambiguity were not related to liking of name, self-concept, family tradition, social class differences, or grade point average.

Reliability data for a Greek translation of the revised UCLA loneliness scale : comparisons with data from the USA

A Greek translation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale was internally reliable (α = .89), after eliminating Item 4, and significantly correlated with the English version (r = .94) for a sample of bilingual students. Weisss distinction between social loneliness and emotional loneliness was also reliably identified in the Greek translation. Loneliness scores in Greece were significantly higher than in the USA. The translation seems to be sufficiently reliable to warrant further use with Greek individuals.

Accessible Friendships, Inclusive Friendships, Reciprocated Friendships As Related to Social and Emotional Loneliness in Greece and the USA

The participants, 128 Greek and 137 USA university women, listed the number of accessible friends—individuals who could be called upon to socialize in five different events—and the number of inclusive friends—those who would invite the subject to participate in the five events. Subjects completed the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale and Interpersonal Control Scale as well as three loneliness scales. Hypotheses were derived from suggestions of stronger collectivist norms in Greece than in the United States, meaning that friendship networks should be smaller but more reciprocated in Greece, and a lack of reciprocation should have greater effects upon loneliness in Greece than in the United States. The hypotheses were generally supported: The lack of a best friend was related to loneliness in Greece but not in the United States, and the lack of reciprocity between accessible and inclusive friendships was also more strongly related to loneliness in Greece. Perceived interpersonal control scores, but not self-mon...

RELIABILITY OF A GREEK TRANSLATION OF THE LIFE SATISFACTION INDEX

Scores on a Greek translation of the Life Satisfaction Index were correlated .95 with scores on the English version for a sample of 36 bilingual Greek university women. The internal reliability of the Greek translation was estimated by a coefficient alpha of .78. Scores were significantly correlated −.51 with those on a previously published Greek translation of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and −.37 with Social loneliness and −.40 with Emotional loneliness. This same pattern of correlations was found when the English version of these two tests was completed by university men and women in the USA. We concluded, therefore, the Greek translation of the Life Satisfaction Index is sufficiently reliable to warrant further use in research in Greece.

Reliability Data on a Greek Translation of the Revised Self-Monitoring Scale

Scores on a Greek translation of the Revised Self-monitoring Scale were very highly correlated with those on the English version among 36 bilingual undergraduate Greek university students. For a sample of 127 undergraduate women in Greece coefficient alpha for Factor A. Ability to Modify Self-presentation was .63, and for Factor B. Sensitivity to the Expressive Behavior of Others was .65 when Item 4 was deleted. Scores for both Factor A and Factor B were uncorrelated with age for the Greek students. The translation appears sufficiently reliable to warrant use with Greek individuals.