M. A. Charlton

Radiation safety program outcomes as indicated by regulatory compliance activities from 1988 to 1997 in Texas.

Occupational radiation protection programs rarely encounter readily observable workplace injuries or illnesses, so upper management must rely on different indicators of relative performance. In many cases, the number of violations, complaints, and reported incidents is used. As with reported workplace injury and illness data, violation, complaint, and incident data provide only a crude indication of a radiation protection programs overall effectiveness. Even so, it is important to recognize that tangible program outcome measures such as these often dictate management decisions. Hence, safety professionals should have access to baseline violation, complaint, and incident trend data so that more informed preventive strategies can be put into place where possible. To assess the outcomes of radiation protection programs in Texas, data from regulatory compliance activities for a 10-y period, inclusive of calendar years 1988 to 1997, were assembled, summarized, and independently verified. For licensees of radioactive material, the ten most frequently cited violations represented 64% of the total issued during the study period. For registrants of radiation producing devices, the ten most frequently cited violations accounted for 73% of the total. A particular emphasis on proper recordkeeping is evident, and should be noted by any internal radiation protection quality assurance programs. Regardless of the permit type, the vast majority of violations issued were classified as low severity. Licensees were found to be involved in approximately 73% of the incidents recorded, with overexposures and badge overexposures representing the largest identifiable types. Registrants were found to be involved in approximately 57% of the complaints recorded, with the largest identifiable issue being concerns about health care provider qualifications or performance. Although this study was limited to a single state, the results can be of benefit to both quality assurance programs and professional health physics training courses by objectively identifying the areas commonly found to be deficient.

Notices of violation issued to Texas radioactive material licensees inspected in 1995.

Notices of violation stemming from the inspection activities of the Texas Department of Healths Bureau of Radiation Control during calendar year 1995 are summarized and characterized. Although eight distinct general categories of radioactive material licenses were included in the analysis, certain general trends were noted, permitting the formulation of an objective list of the ten most frequent violations cited. In order ranked from the most frequent, these include not following operating or safety procedures, radiation surveys not being performed, inadequate personnel monitoring records, instrumentation not used or out of calibration, radioactive material inventories not performed, leak tests not performed, deficiencies in training for industrial uses, inadequate inspection and maintenance of devices, unauthorized users of radioactive material, and incomplete or absent records for receipt or transfer of radioactive material. Although the analysis was limited to a single state, the results can benefit radiation protection quality assurance programs and health physics continuing education efforts by objectively identifying areas commonly cited for being deficient. The results also reiterate the necessity for proper documentation, as at least seven of the ten most frequent violations issued appear to stem predominantly from the records of radiation protection programs.

An analysis of reported incidents involving radiopharmaceuticals for the development of intervention strategies.

Misadministrations and dose irregularities of radiopharmaceuticals are among the most common incidents reported to the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control. In an effort to minimize future incidents, utility and process variable trends were evaluated using historical Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control incident data. An analysis of misapplication events (e.g., misadministration or dose irregularity) was performed by obtaining the quarterly incident summaries from the Texas Department of Health Bureau of Radiation Control for the study period 1988 to 1997. The misapplication data accounted for 355 out of 2,126 (16.7%) incidents during this period. The results indicate 94% of radiation source misapplications involved unsealed sources of radiation (e.g., radiopharmaceuticals). Additionally, 73% of all self-reported events involved 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. The most frequent radiation source process variable involved in the misapplication was injecting an incorrect compound. The most widely utilized intervention to resolve the incident was training for the individuals responsible for drawing or administering the radiopharmaceutical. Universal application of these results are cautioned due to the bias associated with a single-state study, changes in radiopharmaceutical use during the study period, and state-specific regulations which may vary in other study populations.

Assessing the Results of Receipt Monitoring Programs for Packages Containing Radioactive Materials

To assess the results of radioactive material package monitoring programs on a nationwide scale during calendar year 1997, a novel computer-based survey was conducted. A total of 49 respondents from a breadth of industry settings participated in the survey, reporting information on the receipt of 90,599 packages. The number of packages reported as exhibiting radiation levels in excess of those stated on the shipping container was 2,819, or 3% of the total. The number reported as exhibiting removable contamination levels in excess of permitted limits was 532, or 0.6% of the total. Other descriptive data regarding the actual package receipt procedures employed and the types of packages encountered were also assembled. The results of the survey serve to validate the impressive safety record associated with the transport of radioactive materials and suggests that both package recipients and the national regulatory authorities would benefit from a reassessment of the package receipt processes and regulations currently in place. The novel method in which the survey was actually conducted also served as an informative experience, and the description of the lessons learned will be of assistance to others wishing to utilize this survey modality.

Designing, implementing, and conducting a web-based radiation safety training program to meet Texas standards for radiation protection.

AbstractThe implementation of a web-based radiation safety training program for a large biomedical research institution has the capability of increasing the knowledge of proper use of radionuclides in the laboratories in a more cost effective and efficient way of demonstrating this material. The design and implementation of the web-based course for the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio must meet Texas radioactive material regulations while ensuring that the content engages and challenges the student’s health physics knowledge. The implementation of this course required updating the existing course to reflect current regulatory requirements for radiation safety training, emergency response, and biological effects risk coefficients. The final web-based radiation safety training program was evaluated by a standard examination that it is equivalent to the knowledge gained in the classroom course. The results of the scores for the standard examination were equivalent for both the classroom and the web-based course. However, the web-based version with 1 h in the classroom has saved 5,407 htotal throughout the institution.

Piloting a new radiation protection program strategy: rewarding compliance rather than sanctioning non-compliance.

In an attempt to improve compliance with historically problematic radiation protection program requirements, a novel incentive program was created in cooperation with a major vendor of biomedical research products. Researchers using radioisotopes that placed orders from a partnering vendor were afforded an added price discount if verified by the institutional radiation safety program to be in compliance with laboratory contamination survey requirements. The program, piloted for a period of 1 y, resulted in a total institutional savings of approximately

Estimating the administrative cost of regulatory noncompliance : A pilot method for quantifying the value of prevention

2,200 and a 27% improvement in compliance with targeted objectives when compared with previous years. Feedback from pilot participants was extremely positive, as the program served to shift the perception of the radiation protection program from one that sanctions non-compliance to one that rewards compliance. The relative success of the pilot program suggests that the approach may be broadly applicable both within radiation safety programs and other safety-related settings as well.

Measurement of neutron dose equivalent outside and inside of the treatment vault of GRID therapy

Routine regulatory inspections provide a valuable independent quality assurance review of radiation protection programs that ultimately serves to improve overall program performance. But when an item of non-compliance is noted, regardless of its significance or severity the ensuing notice of violation (NOV) results in an added cost to both the permit holder and the regulatory authority. Such added costs may be tangible, in the form of added work to process and resolve the NOV, or intangible, in the form of damage to organizational reputation or worker morale. If the portion of the tangible costs incurred by a regulatory agency for issuing NOVs could be quantified, the analysis could aid in the identification of agency resources that might be dedicated to other areas such as prevention. Ideally, any prevention activities would reduce the overall number of NOVs issued without impacting the routine inspection process. In this study, the administrative costs of NOV issuance and resolution was estimated by obtaining data from the professional staff of the Texas Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control (TDH-BRC). Based a focus group model, the data indicate that approximately

Determining the applicability of the Landauer nanoDot as a general public dosimeter in a research imaging facility.

106,000 in TDH-BRC personnel resources were expended to process and resolve the 6,800 NOVs issued in Texas during 1997 inspection activities. The studys findings imply that an incremental decrease in the number of NOVs issued would result in corresponding savings of agency resources. Suggested prevention activities that might be financed through any resource savings include the dissemination of common violation data to permit holders or training for improving correspondence with regulatory agencies. The significance of this exercise is that any savings experienced by an agency could enhance permittee compliance without impacting the routine inspection process.

Anticipating and addressing workplace static magnetic field effects at levels <0.5 mT.

PURPOSE To evaluate the neutron and photon dose equivalent rates at the treatment vault entrance (Hn,D and HG), and to study the secondary radiation to the patient in GRID therapy. The radiation activation on the grid was studied. METHODS A Varian Clinac 23EX accelerator was working at 18 MV mode with a grid manufactured by .decimal, Inc. The Hn,D and HG were measured using an Andersson-Braun neutron REM meter, and a Geiger Müller counter. The radiation activation on the grid was measured after the irradiation with an ion chamber γ-ray survey meter. The secondary radiation dose equivalent to patient was evaluated by etched track detectors and OSL detectors on a RANDO(®) phantom. RESULTS Within the measurement uncertainty, there is no significant difference between the Hn,D and HG with and without a grid. However, the neutron dose equivalent to the patient with the grid is, on average, 35.3% lower than that without the grid when using the same field size and the same amount of monitor unit. The photon dose equivalent to the patient with the grid is, on average, 44.9% lower. The measured average half-life of the radiation activation in the grid is 12.0 (± 0.9) min. The activation can be categorized into a fast decay component and a slow decay component with half-lives of 3.4 (± 1.6) min and 15.3 (± 4.0) min, respectively. There was no detectable radioactive contamination found on the surface of the grid through a wipe test. CONCLUSIONS This work indicates that there is no significant change of the Hn,D and HG in GRID therapy, compared with a conventional external beam therapy. However, the neutron and scattered photon dose equivalent to the patient decrease dramatically with the grid and can be clinical irrelevant. Meanwhile, the users of a grid should be aware of the possible high dose to the radiation worker from the radiation activation on the surface of the grid. A delay in handling the grid after the beam delivery is suggested.