M.A.M. Freitas

Período anterior à interferência na cultura da soja-RR em condições de baixa, média e alta infestação

The aim of this study was to evaluate the period before weed interference in soybean culture, cv. BRS 243-RR, under low, medium and high weed density. The experimental design was arranged in complete randomized blocks, and the treatments consisted of increasing periods of weed control (0, 0-5, 0-10, 0-15, 0-21, 0-28, 0-35, 0-42, 0-49 and 0-125 days). In low weed infestation area the main weed species were: Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Euphorbia heterophylla. In medium and high infestation areas, Brachiaria plantaginea,Ipomoea nil,Digitaria horizontalis and Cyperus rotundus were the most frequent weeds. Considering 5% and 10% of tolerance of soybean grain yield reduction, it was concluded that the period before interference was 17 and 24 days after emergence (DAE) in low infestation, area 11 and 15 DAE in medium infestation area and 11 and 16 DAE in high infestation area. Weed interference during the full crop cycle reduced soybean grain yield in 73%, 82% and 92%, for low, medium and high weed density, respectively.

Nutrient content in arabica coffee cultivars subjected to glyphosate drift.

The effects of glyphosate on the foliar levels of nutrients in three coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica) were evaluated in this work. A factorial (3 x 5) was used in a randomized block design with four replications, with treatments consisting of three coffee varieties: Catucai Amarelo (2 SL), Oeiras (MG-6851) and Topazio (MG-1190) and five glyphosate doses (0, 57.6, 115.2, 230.4 and 460.8 g ha-1). At 45 and 120 DAA, leaves (third pair) from plagiotrophic branches were collected from the medium part of the plants. Glyphosate intoxication symptoms were characterized by chlorosis and leaf narrowing for the three coffee varieties. There was a reduction in foliar levels of N, P, K, Cu and Zn at 45 DAA, and N, K, Mn and Zn at 120 DAA, in coffee plants treated with glyphosate, regardless of the cultivar used. Cultivar Topazio showed the greatest reductions in the foliar levels of Fe and Mn, at 45 DAA and P and Fe, at 120 DAA, when treated with glyphosate.

Sorption and desorption of sulfentrazone in Brazilian soils

This study was undertaken to obtain information about the behavior of sulfentrazone in soil by evaluating the sorption and desorption of the herbicide in different Brazilian soils. Batch equilibrium method was used and the samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Based on the results obtained from the values of Freundlich constants (Kf), we determined the order of sorption (Haplic Planosol < Red-Yellow Latosol < Red Argisol < Humic Cambisol < Regolitic Neosol) and desorption (Regolitic Neosol < Red Argisol < Humic Cambisol < Haplic Planosol < Red-Yellow Latosol) of sulfentrazone in the soils. The process of pesticide sorption in soils was dependent on the levels of organic matter and clay, while desorption was influenced by the organic matter content and soil pH. Thus, the use of sulfentrazone in soils with low clay content and organic matter (low sorption) increases the probability of contaminating future crops.

Photosynthetic characteristics of hybrid and conventional rice plants as a function of plant competition

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar caracteristicas relacionadas a capacidade fotossintetica de variedades de arroz hibridas e convencionais, de forma a quantificar seu potencial de competicao. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetacao em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados e esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com quatro repeticoes. O fator A consistiu de variedades de arroz (convencional e hibrida) e o fator B de niveis de competicao. Os tratamentos consistiram em manter uma planta da variedade BRS Pelota (convencional) ou Inov (hibrida) no centro da unidade experimental, sob competicao com 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ou 5 plantas da variedade BRS Pelota na periferia, de acordo com o tratamento. Cinquenta dias apos a emergencia (DAE), concentracao de CO2 subestomatica (Ci - mmol mol-1), taxa fotossintetica (A - mmol m 2 s1) e CO2 consumido durante a avaliacao (DC - mmol mol-1) foram quantificados, bem como a massa seca da parte aerea das plantas (SDM). Plantas hibridas apresentaram maior capacidade fotossintetica que as convencionais, quando sob competicao com ate tres vezes sua propria densidade. Sob mesma intensidade de competicao, plantas hibridas sao superiores as convencionais. No entanto, deve-se enfatizar que em condicoes de campo a menor habilidade competitiva com plantas daninhas normalmente atribuida as variedades hibridas, provavelmente se deve a sua menor densidade de semeadura, mas se a densidade de plantas daninhas e mantida em niveis adequados plantas hibridas de arroz podem apresentar desempenho similar ou normalmente superior ao de plantas convencionais.

Impacto do glyphosate associado com endossulfan e tebuconazole sobre microrganismos endossimbiontes da soja

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate, in sequential applications, and its interaction with endosulphan + tebuconazole on mycorrhizal colonization, nodulation, and leaf concentrations of P and N of soybean plants. The experiment was conducted in the field in a Yellow-Red Argisol in the 2007/2008 crop year. Ten treatments were installed in split plots following a randomized block design with four replications. Endosulphan + tebuconazole application was done in the main plots, while the different methods of weed control in the sub-plots (unhoed control, hoed control, single application of glyphosate, sequential application of glyphosate, single application of fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl). Shoot and nodule dry matter, nodule number, mycorrhizal colonization, and N and P concentrations were evaluated when the soybean plants reached the R2 stage. Glyphosate and fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl did not cause reductions in nodule dry matter, except in the presence of endosulphan + tebuconazole. Glyphosate in sequential applications, in the absence of endosulphan + tebuconazole, promoted decreases in nodule number. Fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate in sequential applications negatively affected N concentrations in the leaves compared to the hoed control, in the absence of endosulphan + tebuconazole. Glyphosate did not affect the mycorrhizal colonization regardless of the application of endosulphan + tebuconazole. However, fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl led to increases in the mycorrhizal colonization in the absence of endosulphan + tebuconazole. Glyphosate applied sequentially on soybean plants, under the conditions studied, did not affect the mycorrhizal colonization and nodulation.

Sorção do sulfentrazone em diferentes tipos de solo determinada por bioensaios

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption potential of sulfentrazone in five different soil types by bioassays. Herbicide behavior was studied in the following soil types: Haplic Planosol, Red Acrisol, Humic Cambisol, Eutrophic Entisol and Red-Yellow Latosol, in addition to a control treatment, with washed sand only. The experiment was completely randomized, and treatments consisted of seven increasing doses of sulfentrazone in each of the soil types. Twenty-one days after emergence, the indicator plant was collected and dry matter mass and herbicide dose capable of reducing the dry matter mass accumulation of the indicator plants by 50% (C50-) were determined. Based on these data, sorption rate (SR) of sulfentrazone was calculated by comparing the results of C50 of each soil with the C50 obtained in washed sand. Sorption rate values differed between the soils in the following ascending order: Haplic Planosol < Red-Yellow Latosol < Red Acrisol < Humic Cambisol < Eutrophic Entisol; the soils with higher organic matter content showed the highest SR and pH. It was concluded that sulfentrazone sorption is affected by soil organic matter content and pH.

Levels of nutrients and grain yield of maize intercropped with signalgrass (Brachiaria) in different arrangements of plants

Competition between maize and signalgrass can economically cripple the intercropping by the reduced yield of maize and dry matter content of the forage. In seeking to define plant arrangements which make this system more efficient, this research was held with the objective of assessing the effects of interference of densities of signalgrass (Urochloa Brizantha) on nutrition and on maize grain yield. Two field experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were arranged similarly in both experiments, in a 2 x 4 factorial design, the first factor being the dose of Nicosulfuron herbicide applied (0 and 8 g ha-1) and the second factor being the forage seeding rates (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg of seeds per hectare). The interference of signalgrass reduced foliar nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content in maize plants intercropped with the forage. Higher values of grain yield were observed with the reduction of the spacing and the application of the recommended herbicide underdose (8 g ha-1). It was concluded that, regardless of the seeding density of U. Brizantha, reducing the maize seeding inter-rows spacing, combined with the application of an underdose of Nicosulfuron, caused a positive effect by reducing the initial forage growth, resulting in less interference of Urochloa brizantha on nutrient uptake by the maize plants and grain yield of the crop.

Mobilidade do ametryn em solos da região semiárida do Rio Grande do Norte

This work aimed to evaluate ametryn mobility in four types of soils, three from the semiarid region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Cambisol ; Fluvic Neosol; Latosolic Dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol) and one from the state of Minas Gerais (Red-Yellow Latosol). Ametryn mobility was evaluated using PVC columns of 10 cm in diameter and 50 cm long. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot in a completely randomized design with four replications. The plots were composed by the columns, filled with the four types of soils and the subplots by 10 depths at intervals of 5 cm (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30 , 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 and 45-50 cm). Ametryn was applied on top of the columns (4 kg ha-1) and, 12 hours later, rainfall was simulated at the intensity of 60 mm. After 72 hours of simulated rain, the columns were placed in a horizontal position and opened longitudinally, divided into sections of 5.0 cm. At the center of each section, soil samples were collected for subsequent herbicide extraction and quantification through analysis by liquid chromatography (HPLC). Five seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were sown as bio-indicators of the presence of the herbicide. Ametryn mobility at the columns was influenced by the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil,(soil texture, organic matter, and pH). The Rio Grande do Norte semiarid region soils had higher ametryn mobility potential, being detected at up to 25, 20, and 15 cm depth in Latosolic Dystrophic Red- Yellow Argisol, Cambisol, and Fluvic Neosol, respectively. Ametryn mobility was restricted to 5 cm depth in the Red Yellow Latosol, with higher organic matter content and pH 4.7. The bioassay method was more efficient to confirm ametryn leaching than liquid chromatography.

MOBILIDADE DO SULFENTRAZONE EM SOLOS COM DIFERENTES CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS

Knowledge of factors that influence the leaching of herbicides in the soil is essential to use these products safely from a technical and environmental perspective. This study evaluated the mobility of sulfentrazone in four soils from southern Brazil (Haplic Planosol, Red Argisol, Humic Cambisol and Entisol) and a Red-Yellow Latosol from the Zona da Mata region in the state of Minas Gerais. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm and characterized physically and chemically. The substrates were placed in columns, and 1 kg ha-1 of the herbicide was subsequently applied on top of them, followed by a simulated rainfall of 60 mm. After draining the water, Sorghum bicolor seeds were sown along the column, as bioindicators of the presence of sulfentrazone; 21 days after planting, the presence of the sorghum plants was assessed visually, and the shoots were collected for determination of dry matter. The experimental design was completely randomized in subdivided plots, whereas the columns filled with each of the five soils were the main plots and the 10 column depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 and 45-50 cm) were the subplots. There was a herbicide-free control for each soil. Clay content, organic matter and pH of each soil influenced the mobility of sulfentrazone, and soils with lower clay and organic matter levels showed higher potential of leaching of sulfentrazone.

Glyphosate Herbicide Use in Urochloa brizantha Management in Intercropping With Herbicide-Resistant Maize

The success of the intercropping among cultivated species depends on the adoption of practices that provide, in due course, greater competitive ability of a species over another. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of glyphosate herbicide in the suppression of Brachiaria (signalgrass) intercropped with maize. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, the first factor corresponding to the doses of glyphosate (48, 96, 144, 240, 480 g ha-1 of the acid equivalent (a.e)) and the second one to the vegetative stages of the signalgrass at the time of application (2 and 4 tillers). Two controls were added to the treatment list, comprising controls without herbicide application and hand removal of the signalgrass. The number of plants, tillers and dry matter of signalgrass was reduced with glyphosate. The increase of the glyphosate doses enhanced the injure to the forage plants, mainly when the compound was sprayed at the two-tiller vegetative stage. The dry matter of maize plants increased proportionally to the glyphosate dose. However, the height of the maize plants was not affected. The grain mass and productivity of maize grain increased with increasing dose of glyphosate. The maize yield was negatively influenced on the untreated control. Glyphosate at 96 and 144 g ha-1, when applied at 2 and 4 tiller stage, respectively, reduces the growth of signalgrass and does not affect the maize grain yield.