M. A. Moiseev

Design of high-efficient freeform LED lens for illumination of elongated rectangular regions

We propose a method for the design of an optical element generating the required irradiance distribution in a rectangular area with a large aspect ratio. Application fields include streetlights, the illumination of halls or corridors, and so forth. The design assumes that the optical element has a complex form and contains two refractive surfaces. The first one converts a spherical beam from the light source to a cylindrical beam. The second one transforms an incident cylindrical beam and generates the required irradiance distribution in the target plane. Two optical elements producing a uniform irradiance distribution from a Cree® XLamp® source in rectangular regions of 17 m × 4 m and 17 m × 2 m are designed. The light efficiency of the designed optical element is larger than 83%, whereas the irradiance nonuniformity is less than 9%.

Study of high-power Ka-band second-harmonic gyroklystron amplifier

The self-consistent nonlinear theory of two-cavity high-harmonic gyroklystron amplifier has been developed. The efficiency and gain of a second-harmonic gyroklystron were calculated numerically. The results obtained were used to choose the optimal parameters of the experimental second-harmonic tube. The experimental study was carried out to test high-harmonic amplifier concept. Two-cavity 35 GHz second harmonic gyroklystron with the TE/sub 021/ cavity mode has been designed and tested in pulse operation. Output power of about 260 kW with efficiency 18% and 17 dB gain have been produced at 72 kV beam voltage and 20 A beam current. Bandwidth of about 0.1% has been observed. The restriction of the output power, efficiency, and gain was caused by spurious oscillations excited in the second cavity in the TE/sub 011/ mode at the fundamental cyclotron frequency.

Design of an optical element forming an axial line segment for efficient LED lighting systems.

An LED optical element is proposed as an alternative to cold-cathode fluorescent lamps. The optical element generates two symmetric uniformly illuminated line segments on the diffuse reflector. The illuminated segments then act as secondary linear light sources. The calculation of the optical element is reduced to the integration of the system of two explicit ordinary differential equations. The results of the simulation of an illumination system module consisting of a set of optical elements generating a set of line segments on the surface of the diffuse reflector are presented. The elements are located directly on the surface of the reflector. The simulation results demonstrate the uniform illumination of a rectangular area at a distance of 30-40 mm from the light source plane. The lighting efficiency of the designed system exceeds 83%.

Design of TIR optics generating the prescribed irradiance distribution in the circle region

We present the method for computation of highly effective total internal reflection (TIR) optics for LED-based illumination systems. The computation problem is reduced to the integration of several explicit independent first-order differential equations. Two designs of TIR optics are considered and compared: with flat and with aspherical upper surface. The dependence of nonuniformity of generated irradiance distribution on the size of the light source is studied for both designs numerically. It is shown that point source approximation is acceptable in cases when the size of the light source is 5 (or more) times less than the distance to the inner surface of the optical element.

Design of refractive spline surface for generating required irradiance distribution with large angular dimension

A method is suggested for the design of a refractive optical surface intended for the generation of a prescribed irradiance distribution. The method is based on the gradient optimization of the refractive surface represented as a bicubic spline in spherical coordinates. The optical elements that produce the uniform irradiance distribution in the elliptic and rectangular regions for point and extended light sources are computed. The energy efficiency of the optical elements is more than 73%; the nonuniformity of the generated irradiance distribution is less than 7.5%. The ratio of the illuminated region size to the thickness of the optical system is about 6.5. This value is twice as large as that for optical elements presented in other available publications.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of x-band two-cavity gyroklystron

Using self-consistent field theory, the interaction of electron flow with HF fields in a gyroklystron has been analized. Optimal parameters of its output cavity corresponding to the maximum efficiency have been found. Experimental study of dependence of the efficiency on Q-factor and length of the output cavity has been carried out. The results of simulation are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data.

Numerical simulation of mode interaction in 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons for iter

The paper presents an advanced method for and results of calculating main parameters of CW 170 GHz/1 MW gyrotrons operating at the TE28.7 and TE31.8 modes for ITER. Parameters are optimized to achieve maximum efficiency of the gyrotron with an acceptable Ohmic load on the cavity. Numerical modeling of starting up a gyrotron with an optimized cavity and processes of mode interaction are discussed.

A proposal to use reflection with delay for achieving the self-modulation and stochastic regimes in millimeter-wave gyrotrons

It is shown that the introduction of a local constriction in the waveguide section at a distance comparable to the length of the interaction space reduces by an order of magnitude the value of the injection current at which stochastic oscillation regimes arise in gyrotrons. This improves the prospects for experimental observation of such regimes.

Analytical design of freeform optical elements generating an arbitrary-shape curve

A method is proposed for designing refractive optical elements focusing a collimated incident beam into a curve with specified shape. A general relationship for the freeform surface of the optical element is derived as an envelope of a parametric family of hyperboloids of revolution that focuses the incident beam into the points on the curve. Using the thin optical element approximation, the calculation of the hyperboloid parameters providing required irradiance distribution along the curve is reduced to the solution of an explicit first order differential equation. Optical elements generating line segment focus and circular arc focus are designed. The simulation results demonstrate generation of high-quality curves.

Design of mirrors for generating prescribed continuous illuminance distributions on the basis of the supporting quadric method.

A method for the design of reflecting surfaces generating prescribed continuous illuminance distributions in two-dimensional domains is proposed. The mirror surface is represented as an envelope of a two-parameter family of ellipsoids. The first focus of each ellipsoid coincides with the point light source, while the second one is located at the illuminated domain. This surface representation can be interpreted as a limiting case of a segmented surface used in the supporting quadric method for focusing onto a set of points. The envelope equation depends on the function defining the lengths of the major axes of the ellipsoids of the family. The calculation of this function is performed using a continuous approximation of a discrete function obtained from the solution of a discrete problem of focusing onto a set of points. High efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by the designed examples of mirrors for generating uniform illuminance distributions in areas of different shapes.