M B Menegat

483 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on 7-15 Kg Nursery Pigs Growth Performance.

Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in swine diets, thus providing the appropriate level in the diet is critical to growth performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 15 to 35 lb. A total of 300 maternal line barrows (200 × 400, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 14.9 ± 0.5 lb BW) were fed six experimental diets as part of a 21-d trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens at weaning based on BW, and were fed a common pelleted diet for 9 d after weaning. Pens were then randomly assigned to dietary treatments (10 pens/treatment with 5 pigs/pen) based on average pig weight. The six dietary treatments had increasing SID Lys (1.05, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, and 1.55%) and were achieved by increasing the inclusion of crystalline AA, allowing soybean meal to stay constant across dietary treatments. Experimental data were analyzed using general linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances. Competing models included linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). For ADG, F/G, and IOFC, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. Overall, increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P 1.55%) SID Lys, respectively. For F/G, the best-fitting model was the LM where F/G was improved up to at least 1.55% SID Lys. For income over feed cost (IOFC), the best-fitting model was the BLL, in which the maximum mean IOFC was estimated at 1.25% (95% CI: 1.14, 1.36%). In conclusion, the estimated SID Lys required for maximum mean ADG of these maternal line barrows was lower than the estimated mean SID Lys required for maximum mean F/G. This study provides evidence that different response variables can result in different estimates of the requirements; however, at least 1.25% SID Lys was needed to maximize IOFC.

Using network flow modeling to determine pig flow in a commercial production system

Abstract The systematic approach to raising pigs in a multi-site production system, in terms of where the pigs are housed and how long they are fed, is generally called pig flow. This complex process is most often approached in a segmented fashion, not looking at all barns at the same time in relation to each other. Linear programming, the basis of most nutritional formulation packages and logistics services, provides a mathematical means for characterizing pig flow that allows a producer to look at the entire flow of pigs in a system at the same time. We describe a teaching model that provides the foundation to characterize pig flow in a commercial production system. The teaching model is built in Microsoft Excel ® and incorporates key components of production such as growth rate, mortality, stocking density, seasonality, packer grid pricing, and marketing. The results from this teaching model are sound and provide the foundation for a larger model that is needed for full implementation within a production system, proving this model behaves as expected. The generalizability of the model and its assumptions allows for the inclusion of more barns, a more precise measure of time, and the ability to change the assumptions utilized in this teaching scenario, which are needed for direct application in a production system.

Evaluation of Phase Feeding Strategies and Lysine Specifications for Grow-Finish Pigs on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics

The objective of this study was to compare phase feeding strategies for grow-finish pigs using the estimated lysine requirements for optimal growth and feed efficiency compared to a standard strategy. A total of 1,188 pigs (PIC 359 × 1050; initially 61.5 lb BW) were used in a randomized complete block design with 27 pigs per pen and 11 pens per treatment. The treatments consisted of: MAX, a 4-phase feeding program with lysine levels for maximum growth (1.13, 0.96, 0.82, and 0.77% SID Lys in Phases 1 to 4, respectively); STD, a standard 4-phase feeding program for optimal income over feed cost (1.02, 0.87, 0.76, and 0.67% SID Lys in Phases 1 to 4, respectively); STD/ MAX, a 4-phase feeding program based on standard lysine levels in early finishing and lysine levels for maximum growth in late finishing (1.02, 0.87, 0.82, and 0.77% SID Lys in Phases 1 to 4, respectively); and 2-PHASE, a 2-phase feeding program based on the average estimated lysine requirements for maximum growth with 0.96% SID lysine for Phases 1 to 3 and 0.77% SID lysine during Phase 4. The four phases were from approximately 60 to 110, 110 to 160, 160 to 220, and 220 to 280 lb, respectively. The experimental diets were based on corn, distillers dried grains with solubles, and soybean meal. Lysine levels were achieved by manipulating the ratio of corn to soybean meal. Overall, from d 0 to 117, pigs fed the 2-PHASE regimen had increased ADG (P < 0.05) compared to pigs fed the STD regimen, and feeding either the MAX or STD/MAX regimen resulted in intermediate ADG. There was no evidence for differences in ADFI, F/G, or final BW among dietary regimens. Also, no evidence for differences was observed across the dietary treatments for the carcass traits HCW, yield, backfat, loin depth, or lean percentage. For economics, the STD feeding program resulted in the lowest (P < 0.001) feed cost per pig and feed cost per lb of gain compared to the other 3 programs. Revenue and income over feed costs per pig were similar across the feeding programs. In conclusion, feeding lysine levels for maximum growth and efficiency in either a 2or 4-phase feeding program results in the same growth performance and feed cost. A broad range of lysine specifications within the levels tested herein can be utilized in grow-finish diets without compromising income over feed cost.

Impact of Added Copper and Chlortetracycline on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs

A total of 320 nursery pigs (DNA 200 × 400 barrows; initially 16.3 lb BW) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the effect of copper (Cu) and chlortetracycline (CTC), fed alone or in combination, on growth performance of weanling pigs. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and fed a common pelleted starter diet (non-medicated) for 7 d after weaning. Pigs were allotted to dietary treatments based on BW and location in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Cu (0 vs. 200 ppm Cu from copper sulfate) and CTC (0 vs. 440 ppm CTC). Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in one phase for 28 d in meal form. There were 5 pigs per pen and 8 replications per treatment with each replication consisting of a pair of adjoining pens. The results showed no evidence for an interactive effect of Cu and CTC for any of the performance and economic variables (P > 0.05). From d 0 to 14, added Cu increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and added CTC improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and F/G. From d 14 to 28, the addition of CTC to the diet improved (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI, but there was no evidence for a Cu effect. For the overall experimental period (d 0 to 28), pigs fed diets with CTC had improved (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and F/G, but there was no evidence for a Cu effect. The inclusion of either Cu or CTC increased (P < 0.05) BW on d 14 and 28. Regarding the economics, added dietary Cu increased (P < 0.05) feed cost per pig and value of gain per pig, but not income over feed cost (IOFC). The addition of CTC to the diet increased (P < 0.05) feed cost per pig, value of gain per pig, and IOFC. In conclusion, the findings of the present study characterize a beneficial effect of feeding Cu for 14 d on growth performance of young pigs (16 to 25 lb) and a positive effect of including CTC in nursery diets. The lack of interactive effects between Cu and CTC suggests that the responses of Cu and CTC on growth performance of nursery pigs are as efficacious when fed alone or in combination.

Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on 15- to 25-lb Nursery Pigs

A total of 300 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initial pen average BW of 15.4 lb) were used in a 22-d growth trial to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) requirement of nursery pigs from 15to 25-lb. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and allotted to pens based on BW and gender. There were 10 replicate pens per treatment and 6 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed a common pelleted diet for 10 d postweaning. Subsequently, pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets in a randomized complete block design, with BW as a blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, and 1.60% SID Lys and were achieved by the inclusion of crystalline amino acids at the expense of corn. Experimental diets were fed for 11 d followed by a common diet fed for 11 d. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models, fitting the data with heterogeneous residual variances as needed. Competing models included linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). For the overall treatment period, increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P < 0.001) ADG and F/G, with no differences observed in ADFI. Similarly, as dietary SID Lys increased, BW increased linearly on d 11 and 22. Feed cost per pig, feed cost per pound of gain, and total revenue per pig increased (linear, P < 0.001) as SID Lys increased, with no observed differences in income over feed cost (IOFC). For ADG, the best-fitting models were the LM and QP models. The maximum mean ADG was estimated at greater than 1.60%, and at 1.54% (95% CI: [1.34, >1.60]%), with 99% of the maximum ADG achieved at 1.43% SID Lys, in the LM and QP models, respectively. Similarly, the best-fitting models for feed efficiency were LM and QP, both estimating the requirement at greater than 1.60% SID Lys. In conclusion, this experiment determined that the mean SID Lys required for nursery pigs from 15to 25-lb ranged from 1.54% to at least 1.60%. These data provide evidence that different response variables and statistical models can result in different estimates of the requirements. However, formulating nursery diets for 15to 25-lb pigs to 1.40% would allow for the highest income and approximately 99% of maximum growth to be captured.

Effect of Calsporin on Nursing Piglet Growth Performance and Fecal Microflora

A total of 26 lactating sows (DNA 241, DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) and litters were used in a discovery study to evaluate the effects of Calsporin, a direct-fed microbial containing Bacillus subtilis C-3102, on fecal microflora of nursing pigs. The treatments consisted of providing a daily oral dose of Calsporin or a placebo control to piglets during the nursing phase. Sows were randomly assigned to treatments based on farrowing date, parity, and initial BW. The treatments were applied individually to piglets once a day from d 2 after farrowing and equalization until weaning on d 19. Sow BW, sow ADFI, piglet BW, piglet weight gain, litter size, and mortality were recorded on a weekly basis until weaning. Fecal scoring was conducted to categorize the consistency of the feces using a numerical scale from 1 to 5. Also, fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the piglets and pooled by litter for microbial analysis. Fecal scoring and microbial analysis were performed on d 2 after birth, and after 1 or 2 weeks of treatment. As expected, and not a primary objective of this study, there was no evidence for differences among treatments on sow and litter performance (P > 0.085). There was no evidence for differences on fecal score at the beginning of the trial and after 1 or 2 weeks of Calsporin supplementation (P > 0.358). Microbial analysis revealed an increase in levels of total Bacillus sp. (P < 0.001) and a decrease in total aerobes (P < 0.026) in litters treated with Calsporin. There was no evidence for differences in number of Lactobacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Clostridium perfringens, Enterobacteriaceae, and total anaerobes between controland Calsporin-treated litters (P > 0.05). In conclusion, once per day supplementation of Calsporin to nursing pigs resulted in slight changes in fecal microflora, but there was no influence on nursing pig fecal consistency.

Effects of Standardized Total Tract Digestible Phosphorus on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Bone Mineralization, and Economics of 53- to 287-lb Pigs

A total of 1,130 barrows and gilts (PIC; 359 × Camborough, initial pen average BW of 53.2 ± 1.61 lb) were used in a 111-d growth trial to determine the standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P requirement of growing-finishing pigs from 53 to 287 lb. Pens of pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. There were 7 replicate pens per treatment and 26 to 27 pigs per pen (at least 13 barrows and gilts per pen). The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in 4 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were formulated to contain 80, 90, 100, 115, 130, and 150% of the NRC publication STTD P requirement for growingfinishing pigs within each phase. The STTD P levels were achieved by increasing the amount of limestone and monocalcium phosphate at the expense of corn, maintaining a similar 1.14 to 1.16:1 total Ca:P ratio across treatments, with no added phytase. Overall, increasing STTD P resulted in a quadratic response in ADG, F/G, and final BW (P < 0.05). The greatest improvement was observed with STTD P at 130% of NRC for ADG and final BW and 115% STTD P of the NRC recommendation for F/G. Average daily feed intake increased linearly with the inclusion of STTD P (P < 0.05). Increasing STTD P resulted in a linear increase in fat-free bone ash weight and percentage ash (P < 0.05). Barrows had significantly higher percentage ash compared to gilts (P < 0.05). Increasing STTD P resulted in an increase in HCW and carcass ADG, with the greatest response observed with STTD P at 130% of NRC (quadratic, P < 0.05). There was a marginally significant quadratic response in carcass F/G, with the greatest improvement with STTD P at 115% of NRC (P < 0.10). Carcass yield decreased with increasing STTD P (linear, P < 0.05), while there was a marginally significant decrease in backfat and increase in fat-free lean (linear, P < 0.10). No difference was observed for loin depth (P > 0.05). Feed cost per pig increased linearly with increasing STTD (P < 0.05). Contrarily, gain value per pig and IOFC increased quadratically, with the greatest profit observed with STTD P at 130% of NRC (P < 0.05). For ADG and feed efficiency, the quadratic model demonstrated the best fit. The maximum response in ADG was estimated at 122% of NRC STTD P, and the maximum response in feed efficiency was estimated at 116% of NRC STTD P. The broken-line linear model best fitted the data for ash as a percentage of fat-free dried bone, with a plateau achieved at 131% of the NRC STTD P requirement. In conclusion, the estimated STTD P requirement for growing-finishing pigs from 53 to 287 lb ranged from 116 to 131% of the NRC publication recommendations for each phase, depending on the response criteria and statistical model.