M. Belén Oviedo

Isolation of Pristine Electronics Grade Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes by Switching the Rigidity of the Wrapping Polymer Backbone on Demand

Conjugated polymers are among the most selective carbon nanotube sorting agents discovered and enable the isolation of ultrahigh purity semiconducting singled-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) from heterogeneous mixtures that contain problematic metallic nanotubes. The strong selectivity though highly desirable for sorting, also leads to irreversible adsorption of the polymer on the s-SWCNTs, limiting their electronic and optoelectronic properties. We demonstrate how changes in polymer backbone rigidity can trigger its release from the nanotube surface. To do so, we choose a model polymer, namely poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(6,60-(2,20-bipyridine))] (PFO-BPy), which provides ultrahigh selectivity for s-SWCNTs, which are useful specifically for FETs, and has the chemical functionality (BPy) to alter the rigidity using mild chemistry. Upon addition of Re(CO)5Cl to the solution of PFO-BPy wrapped s-SWCNTs, selective chelation with the BPy unit in the copolymer leads to the unwrapping of PFO-BPy. UV-vis, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy studies show that binding of the metal ligand complex to BPy triggers up to 85% removal of the PFO-BPy from arc-discharge s-SWCNTs (diameter = 1.3-1.7 nm) and up to 72% from CoMoCAT s-SWCNTs (diameter = 0.7-0.8 nm). Importantly, Raman studies show that the electronic structure of the s-SWCNTs is preserved through this process. The generalizability of this method is demonstrated with two other transition metal salts. Molecular dynamics simulations support our experimental findings that the complexation of BPy with Re(CO)5Cl in the PFO-BPy backbone induces a dramatic conformational change that leads to a dynamic unwrapping of the polymer off the nanotube yielding pristine s-SWCNTs.

A theoretical study of the optical properties of nanostructured TiO2.

Optical properties of TiO(2) nanoclusters (with more than 30 TiO(2) units) were calculated within a fully atomistic quantum dynamic framework. We use a time dependent tight-binding model to describe the electronic structure of TiO(2) nanoclusters in order to compute their optical properties. We present calculated absorption spectra for a series of nanospheres of different radii and crystal structures. Our results show that bare TiO(2) nanoclusters have the same adsorption edge for direct electronic transition independently of the crystal structure and the nanocluster size. We report values of the adsorption edge of around 3.0 eV for all structures analyzed. In the present work we demonstrate that, for small clusters, both the direct transition absorption edge and the blue shifting phenomena are masked by thermal disorder.

Transition dipole moments of the Qy band in photosynthetic pigments.

From studying the time evolution of the single electron density matrix within a density functional tight-binding formalism we calculate the Q(y) transition dipole moments vector direction and strength for a series of important photosynthetic pigments. We obtain good agreement with first-principles and experimental results and provide insights into the detailed nature of these excitations from the time evolving populations of molecular orbitals involved as well as correlations between pigment chemistry and dipole strength.

Bioelectrochemical sensing of promethazine with bamboo-type multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed in calf-thymus double stranded DNA.

We report the quantification of promethazine (PMZ) using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with bamboo-like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (bCNT) dispersed in double stranded calf-thymus DNA (dsDNA) (GCE/bCNT-dsDNA). Cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrated that PMZ presents a thin film-confined redox behavior at GCE/bCNT-dsDNA, opposite to the irreversibly-adsorbed behavior obtained at GCE modified with bCNT dispersed in ethanol (GCE/bCNT). Differential pulse voltammetry-adsorptive stripping with medium exchange experiments performed with GCE/bCNT-dsDNA and GCE modified with bCNTs dispersed in single-stranded calf-thymus DNA (ssDNA) confirmed that the interaction between PMZ and bCNT-dsDNA is mainly hydrophobic. These differences are due to the intercalation of PMZ within the dsDNA that supports the bCNTs, as evidenced from the bathochromic displacement of UV-Vis absorption spectra of PMZ and quantum dynamics calculations at DFTB level. The efficient accumulation of PMZ at GCE/bCNT-dsDNA made possible its sensitive quantification at nanomolar levels (sensitivity: (3.50±0.05)×10(8) μA·cm(-2)·M(-1) and detection limit: 23 nM). The biosensor was successfully used for the determination of PMZ in a pharmaceutical product with excellent correlation.

Electron dynamics in complex environments with real-time time dependent density functional theory in a QM-MM framework

This article presents a time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) implementation to propagate the Kohn-Sham equations in real time, including the effects of a molecular environment through a Quantum-Mechanics Molecular-Mechanics (QM-MM) hamiltonian. The code delivers an all-electron description employing Gaussian basis functions, and incorporates the Amber force-field in the QM-MM treatment. The most expensive parts of the computation, comprising the commutators between the hamiltonian and the density matrix-required to propagate the electron dynamics-, and the evaluation of the exchange-correlation energy, were migrated to the CUDA platform to run on graphics processing units, which remarkably accelerates the performance of the code. The method was validated by reproducing linear-response TDDFT results for the absorption spectra of several molecular species. Two different schemes were tested to propagate the quantum dynamics: (i) a leap-frog Verlet algorithm, and (ii) the Magnus expansion to first-order. These two approaches were confronted, to find that the Magnus scheme is more efficient by a factor of six in small molecules. Interestingly, the presence of iron was found to seriously limitate the length of the integration time step, due to the high frequencies associated with the core-electrons. This highlights the importance of pseudopotentials to alleviate the cost of the propagation of the inner states when heavy nuclei are present. Finally, the methodology was applied to investigate the shifts induced by the chemical environment on the most intense UV absorption bands of two model systems of general relevance: the formamide molecule in water solution, and the carboxy-heme group in Flavohemoglobin. In both cases, shifts of several nanometers are observed, consistently with the available experimental data.

Optical properties of graphene nanoflakes: Shape matters

In recent years there has been significant debate on whether the edge type of graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) or graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are relevant for their electronic structure, thermal stability, and optical properties. Using computer simulations, we have proven that there is a fundamental difference in the absorption spectra between samples of the same shape, similar size but different edge type, namely, armchair or zigzag edges. These can be explained by the presence of electronic structures near the Fermi level which are localized on the edges. These features are also evident from the dependence of band gap on the GNF size, which shows three very distinct trends for different shapes and edge geometries.

Donor–acceptor polymers with tunable infrared photoresponse

Donor–acceptor (DA) conjugated polymers provide an important platform for the development of solution-processed optoelectronic devices. The complex interrelation between electronic properties and conformational disorder in these materials complicates the identification of design guidelines to control the bandgap at low energies, limiting the design of new optoelectronic and device functionalities. Here, we demonstrate that DA polymers comprised of exocyclic olefin substituted cyclopentadithiophene donors, in combination with conventional electron acceptors, display very narrow optical bandgaps (1.2 > Eoptg > 0.7 eV) and primary photoexcitations extending into the shortwave infrared. Theoretical calculations reveal fundamental structure–property relationships toward bandgap and energy level control in these spectral regions. Bulk heterojunction photodiodes fabricated using these new materials demonstrate a detectivity (D*) of > 1011 Jones within a spectral range of 0.6–1.43 μm and measurable D* to 1.8 μm, the longest reported to date for conjugated polymer based systems.

Giant Raman Response to the Encapsulation of Sulfur in Narrow Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Encapsulation of sulfur in HiPCO-SWNTs leads to large changes in the Raman spectra with the appearance of new peaks at 319, 395, and 715 cm(-1) which originate from the sulfur species within the SWNTs, while the high frequency SWNT bands (ν > 1200 cm(-1)) are decreased in intensity. The encapsulated species also shifts the near-IR interband electronic transitions to lower energy by more than 10%. These effects seem to originate with the van der Waals interaction of the confined sulfur species with the walls of the SWNTs which are not expected to be significant in the case of the previously studied large diameter SWNTs. We suggest that sulfur in the small diameter SWNTs exists as a helical polymeric sulfur chain that enters the SWNT interior in the form of S2 ((3)Σ(g)(-)) molecules which undergo polymerization to linear diradicals.

Polarizabilities of π-Conjugated Chains Revisited: Improved Results from Broken-Symmetry Range-Separated DFT and New CCSD(T) Benchmarks.

We present a detailed analysis of nonempirically tuned range-separated functionals, with both short- and long-range exchange, for calculating the static linear polarizability and second hyperpolarizabilities of various polydiacetylene (PDA) and polybutatriene (PBT) oligomers. Contrary to previous work on these systems, we find that the inclusion of some amount of short-range exchange does improve the accuracy of the computed polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities. Most importantly, in contrast to prior studies on these oligomers, we find that the lowest-energy electronic states for PBT are not closed-shell singlets, and enhanced accuracy with range-separated DFT can be obtained by allowing the system to relax to a lower-energy broken-symmetry solution. Both the computed polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities for PBT are significantly improved with these broken-symmetry solutions when compared to previously published and current benchmarks. In addition to these new analyses, we provide new large-scale CCSD(T) and explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 benchmarks for the PDA and PBT systems, which comprise the most complete and accurate calculations of linear polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities on these systems to date. These new CCSD(T) and CCSD(T)-F12 benchmarks confirm our DFT results and emphasize the importance of broken-symmetry effects when calculating polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilties of π-conjugated chains.

Real-Time Quantum Dynamics Reveals Complex, Many-Body Interactions in Solvated Nanodroplets

Electronic excitations in the liquid phase are surprisingly rich and considerably more complex than either gas-phase or solid-state systems. While the majority of physical and biological processes take place in solvent, our understanding of nonequilibrium excited-state processes in these condensed phase environments remains far from complete. A central and long-standing issue in these solvated environments is the assessment of many-body interactions, particularly when the entire system is out of equilibrium and many quantum states participate in the overall process. Here we present a microscopic picture of solute-solvent electron dynamics and solvatochromic effects, which we uncover using a new real-time quantum dynamics approach for extremely large solvated nanodroplets. In particular, we find that a complex interplay of quantum interactions underlies our observations of solute-solvent effects, and simple macroscopic solvatochromic shifts can even be qualitatively different at the microscopic molecular level in these systems. By treating both the solvent and the solute on the same footing at a quantum-mechanical level, we demonstrate that the electron dynamics in these systems are surprisingly complex, and the emergence of many-body interactions underlies the dynamics in these solvated systems.