M. Jacquemier

Mesure de la qualité de vie chez l'enfant atteint de paralysie cérébrale

Objectives. – To identify and describe available health-related quality of life (HRQL) markers in walking paediatric cerebral palsy (CP) patients. Methods. – A Medline literature review (1980–2007); content, application field, and metrologic properties of the scales were specified. Results. – Seventeen scales were identified and classified into three categories: scales developed for cerebral palsy patients or developed for neuromotor pathologies and used mostly in cerebral palsy patients; generic scales developed for the general population; generic scales developed for chronic, non-specific diseases. Discussion and Conclusion. – Documentation of metrologic properties in available HRQL scales is unequal. Information about ‘‘sensitivity to change’’ of the scales is necessary for their use in therapeutic outcome or cohort follow-up studies in CP patients. To include an analysis of the patient’s opinion is important, thus most of the questionnaires are based on the experimenter’s experience and synthesis of the literature. CP children’s auto-evaluation of their quality of life using a questionnaire developed based on the patients’ and families’ opinions, in association with a participation questionnaire, seems to be the most informative method to include in outcome studies. # 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Dynamic equinus with hindfoot valgus in children with hemiplegia.

In children with hemiplegia, it is important to distinguish between equinus with hindfoot varus (equinovarus) or valgus (equinovalgus). Premature onset of medial gastrocnemius (GM) EMG in individuals with equinus is well documented. Premature onset of Peroneus longus (PL) EMG has been described in neurologically impaired adults with equinovalgus, but not in children. Our aim was to record the onset of PL and GM activity on the hemiplegic side of children with equinovalgus deformity. Fifteen children GMFCS 1 (3.8 yrs ± 2) with hemiplegia had a goniometric assessment of passive ankle range of motion and assessment of ankle function from video and surface EMG recording during gait. The clinical and video observations were used to determine the equinovalgus, as defined by Wren, at initial contact (IC). The premature onset of muscle activity was normalised as a swing (SW) percentage prior to IC of the following stance (ST). A paired T-test compared the onset of muscle activity between PL and GM. The ankle passive dorsiflexion was 13° ± 12° (hemiplegic side) versus 18° ± 10° (non-involved side) (p<0.05). For the non-involved limb, the onset of GM activity was at 14% of the gait cycle (midstance), the onset of PL activity was at 19% (p<0.05). For the hemiplegic limb with equinovalgus, there was a premature onset activity of PL (-24%) and GM(-8%) (p<0.001). On the non involved side, the onset of PL activity occurred, as in adults, after the onset of GM activity, during ST. On the hemiplegic side, there was no triceps surae contracture and the onset of PL activity occurred prior to the onset of GM activity, during terminal SW. This study confirmed the overactivity of PL in hemiplegic children with equinovalgus.

Planovalgus foot deformity in cerebral palsy corrected by botulinum toxin injection in the peroneus longus: Clinical and radiological evaluations in young children

BACKGROUND In children with cerebral palsy (CP), overactivity of the peroneus longus (PL) muscle is a major contributor to pes planovalgus. This retrospective study assessed whether abobotulinumtoxinA injections into a PL showing premature activity on electromyography (EMG) clinically improved foot morphology in children with CP. METHODS Study participants were <6 years old, had a diagnosis of CP, good functional abilities (Gross Motor Function Classification System level 1 or 2), equinovalgus (initial contact with the hallux or head of the first metatarsal) and overactive PL on EMG. The fore-, mid- and hindfoot were evaluated clinically and radiologically before and after injection of abobotulinumtoxinA (6-7 U/kg) into the PL. Radiological data were compared with reference values for children without pes planovalgus. RESULTS In total, 16 children (8 males; 10 hemiplegia, 6 diplegia; mean age: 3.2±1.5 years) received treatment. Mean pre-and post-treatment angles in clinical assessment of dorsiflexion of the talocrural articulation did not differ with both knees flexed (24.4±7.5 vs. 22.2±8.0 degrees; P=0.19) or extended (17.2±8.0 vs. 16.6±6.8 degrees; P=0.36). Radiographic data pre-treatment versus reference data revealed forefoot pronation (metatarsal stacking angle 2.1±8.3 vs. 8.0±2.9 degrees; P=0.002), midfoot planus (lateral talo-first metatarsal 28.5±15.0 vs. 13.0±7.5 degrees; P<0.001; talocalcaneal angle 54.6±8.6 vs. 49.0±6.9 degrees; P=0.004) and significantly decreased calcaneus dorsiflexion, without hindfoot equinus (calcaneal pitch angle 7.9±6.0 vs. 17.0±6.0 degrees; P<0.001). After treatment, the metatarsal stacking angle did not differ from reference values (P=0.15). As compared with before treatment, treatment improved mean angles for metatarsal stacking (2.1±8.3 vs. 7.1±3.9 degrees, respectively, P=0.002), lateral talo-first metatarsal and talocalcaneal (both P<0.001), with no change in the hindfoot. CONCLUSION PL may be an early target for abobotulinumtoxinA treatment in pes planovalgus associated with premature PL activity in children with CP.

Dynamic EMG of peroneus longus in hemiplegic children with equinovarus.

OBJECTIVE In hemiplegic children the appearance of equinovarus is correlated with premature electromyography (EMG) activity of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) prior to initial contact. The goal was to analyze the onset of EMG activation in the GM and, more particularly, the peroneus longus (PL) in cases of equinovarus: is PL activity likewise premature? MATERIAL AND METHODS As 15 hemiplegic children (age 5 years±1.5) with equinovarus walked, their PL and GM EMG activity was being recorded. The latter was normalized in terms of gait cycle percentage (0-100%) and detected through semi-automatic selection with activation threshold set at 20μV. A paired t-test compared activation onset of the PL versus the GM muscles. RESULTS As regards the healthy limb, activity onset of the GM (+14.55%) and the PL (+19.2%) muscles occurred only during the ST. In cases of equinovarus, activation of the GM (-5.2%) and the PL (-6.1%) occurred during the SW and was premature. For each muscle, comparison between the healthy and the hemiplegic side was highly significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Premature PL and GM EMG activity preceding initial contact corresponds not to a disorder secondary to imbalance but rather, more probably, to motor command dysfunction. While the PL consequently contributes to equinus deformity, its possible role in varus genesis is less evident. EMG study needs to be completed by comparing PL and tibialis posterior strength while taking foot bone morphology into full account.