M. M. Tolba

Micelle-enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of amlexanox in bioadhesive buccal tablets: application to content uniformity testing.

A highly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of Amlexanox (AMX) in its bioadhesive buccal tablets. The proposed method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of the methanolic solution of AMX at 400 nm after excitation at 242 nm in 0.2 M borate buffer (pH 10) and 0.5% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The interaction of AMX with SDS was studied, and the enhanced fluorescence intensity was exploited to develop an assay method for the determination of AMX. The relative fluorescence intensity-concentration plot was rectilinear over the range 5.0-80.0 ng/mL, with a lower detection limit of 0.57 ng/mL and a lower quantification limit of 1.74 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of AMX in its commercial tablets. Moreover, content uniformity testing was conducted by applying official USP guidelines. Statistical evaluation and comparison of the data obtained using the proposed and comparison methods revealed good accuracy and precision for the proposed method.

Micellar Liquid Chromatography and Derivative Spectrophotometry for the Simultaneous Determination of Acemetacin and Chlorzoxazone in their Tablets and Human Plasma

Two accurate analytical methods were developed for the resolution and analysis of a binary mixture of acemetacin (ACE) and chlorzoxazone (CLZ). The first method depends on chromatographic separation of ACE and CLZ using a Shimadzu VP-ODS column. Mobile phase containing 0.075 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 0.3% triethylamine, 10% n-propanol in 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid of pH 5.5 was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. with UV detection at 210 nm. The method was further extended to the determination of acemetacin (ACE) and chlorzoxazone (CLZ) in spiked human plasma without prior extraction. For the second method, it depends on measuring the amplitudes of the first derivative spectra at 281.75 nm for ACE and 242.53 nm for CLZ.

Derivative Spectrophotometric and Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride and Aspirin in Pharmaceuticals

Two simple analytical methods were developed and validated for the analysis of a binary mixture of metoclopramide (MET) and aspirin (ASP). The first method depends on measuring the first derivative amplitudes at 257 nm for MET and at 310 nm for ASP, respectively. The calibration graphs were linear in the range of 0.25-20.0 µg/mL for MET and 10.0-200.0 µg/mL for ASP. For the second method, good chromatographic separation was achieved using Promosil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size). Mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer in the ratio of 60:40 (v/v) at pH 4.0 was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 260 nm. Indapamide was used as an internal standard. The method showed good linearity over the concentration ranges of 0.20-10.0 and 10.0-200.0 μg/mL with limits of detection of 0.06, 1.81 μg/mL and limits of quantification of 0.17, 5.46 μg/mL for MET and ASP, respectively. The results of the proposed methods were statistically compared with those obtained by the official United States Pharmacopeia method revealing non-significant differences in the performance of the methods regarding accuracy and precision. The suggested methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of the studied drugs in their co-formulated tablets as well as in their single dosage forms.

Determination of Two Ternary Mixtures for Migraine Treatment Using HPLC Method with Ultra Violet Detection

New, selective, and accurate HPLC methods are described for the analysis of two ternary mixtures used for migraine treatment containing drotaverine hydrochloride (DRT) with caffeine (CAF), and dipyrone (DIP) (mixture I), or paracetamol (PAR) (mixture II). The described methods used a mobile phase consisting of methanol: 0.02 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate in two different ratios. The pH of the mobile phases was adjusted to 4 and UV detection at 220 nm was used. Good chromatographic separations were achieved using Promosil C18 column. Spironolactone (SPL) and propranolol (PRP) were used as internal standards (ISs) for mix. I and II, respectively.

Enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of esomeprazole and pantoprazole in dosage forms and spiked human plasma using organized media

A simple, sensitive and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of esomeprazole (EMZ) and pantoprazole (PRZ) in their pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. The proposed method is based on the fluorescence spectral behavior of EMZ in methanol in the presence of 0.1 m NaOH containing 0.5% methyl cellulose (MC) at 306/345 nm. The fluorescence intensity of EMZ was enhanced about 1.3-fold and good linearity in the range 0.4-4.0 µg/mL with a lower detection limit of 0.04 µg/mL and lower quantification limit of 0.14 µg/mL. For PRZ, its methanolic solution exhibited marked native fluorescence at 290/325 nm after enhancement (about 2.1- or 1.4-fold) using either 0.025% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 0.05% MC in the presence of 0.2 m borate buffer of pH 9.5. The fluorescence-concentration plots of PRZ were rectilinear over the ranges 0.2-2.0 and 0.3-3.0 µg/mL with lower detection limits of 0.02 and 0.03 µg/mL and lower quantification limits of 0.07 and 0.09 µg/mL using sodium dodecyl sulfate and MC, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EMZ and PRZ in their commercial dosage forms and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the comparison method. Furthermore, in a preliminary investigation, the proposed method was extended to the in vitro determination of the two drugs in spiked human plasma and the results were satisfactory.

Micelle‐enhanced spectrofluorimetric method for determination of lacidipine in tablet form; application to content uniformity testing

A highly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of lacidipine (LCP) in tablets. The proposed method is based on the investigation of the fluorescence spectral behavior of LCP in both sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the tween-80 micellar system. In aqueous solutions of acetate buffer (pH 4.5), the fluorescence intensities of LCP were greatly enhanced (ca. 2.4 and 4.3 folds) in the presence of either SDS or tween-80, respectively. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 444 nm after excitation at 277 nm using either SDS or tween-80 as a surfactant. The fluorescence-concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges of 50.0-500.0 ng/ml and 5.0-200.0 ng/ml with lower detection limits of 5.11 and 2.06 ng/ml and lower quantification limits of 17 and 6.87 ng/ml using SDS and tween-80, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of LCP in commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the comparison method. Furthermore, content uniformity testing of pharmaceutical tablets was also conducted.

Highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of two antimigraine drugs in their tablets and in biological fluids. Application to content uniformity testing

A highly sensitive and simple spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of almotriptan malate (ALM) and zolmitriptan (ZOL) in their pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method is based on the investigation of the fluorescence spectral behavior of the two drugs in aqueous acidic systems. The fluorescence intensity was measured at 360 and 350 nm after excitation at 270 nm for ALM and ZOL, respectively. The fluorescence–concentration plots were rectilinear over the range 0.1–1.2 μg mL−1 and 5–40 ng mL−1, with lower detection limits of 0.03 μg mL−1 and 0.70 ng mL−1 for ALM and ZOL, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the assay of commercial tablets as well as for content uniformity testing. The application of the proposed method was extended to the assay of ZOL in biological fluids. The results were statistically compared to those obtained by comparison methods and were found to be in good agreement.

Stability indicating HPLC Method Coupled with Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Cyproheptadine Hydro-chloride in Its Tablets. Studies on Degradation Kinetics

Abstract A sensitive, simple and rapid stability-indicating HPLC method using fluorescence detection was developed for the quantitative determination of the antihistaminic drug cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYP). Good chromatographic separation was achieved using Shimadzu VP-ODS column (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) and fluorescence detection at 410 nm after excitation 280 nm. Mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer in the ratio of 65:35, v/v at pH 4.5 was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Xipamide (XIP) was used as an internal standard (IS). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of CYP in its commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the official USP method. The application of the proposed method was extended to stability studies of CYP after exposure to different ICH recommended stress conditions, such as acidic, alkaline, oxidative and photolytic degradation. Moreover, the method was utilized to investigate the kinetics of the oxidative degradation of CYP. The apparent first-order rate constant, half-life time, and activation energies of the degradation process were calculated. A proposal for the degradation pathway was presented.

Derivative Quotient Spectrophotometry and an Eco-Friendly Micellar Chromatographic Approach with Time-Programmed UV-Detection for the Separation of Two Fluoroquinolones and Phenazopyridine

In this study, two analytical approaches were exploited for the resolution of binary mixtures of ciprofloxacin HCl (CIP) or norfloxacin (NOR) and phenazopyridine HCl (PHZ). In the first approach, the amplitudes of the first derivative of the ratio spectra were measured at 267 or 287 nm for CIP and at 268 or 291 nm for NOR. PHZ could be directly determined in the presence of CIP or NOR at 405 nm. The calibration graphs were rectilinear over the ranges of 1.0-16.0 µg/mL for CIP or NOR and 1.0-10.0 µg/mL for PHZ. In the second approach, an accurate, reliable and environmentally nontoxic micellar liquid chromatographic (MLC) method was developed. A good chromatographic separation was achieved using a 150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size Spherisorb ODS-2 column. Eco-friendly mobile phase containing 0.12 M sodium dodecyl sulphate, 0.3% triethylamine and 6%n-butanol in 0.02 M orthophosphoric acid of pH 3.0 was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Time programmed UV-detection was applied to allow sensitive determination of the studied drugs. The analytes were eluted without interferences in <10 min. Methocarbamol was used as an internal standard. The MLC method was found to be rectilinear over the concentration range of 0.5-20.0 μg/mL for CIP, NOR or PHZ. These optimized and validated methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of the studied drugs in their synthetic mixtures and co-formulated tablets. Moreover, the second method was further extended to the determination of these drugs in human urine with direct injection and without any pretreatment.

Spectrofluorimetric determination of amisulpride and bumidazone in raw materials and tablets.

A highly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of amisulpride (AMS) and bumidazone (BUM) in tablet form. The proposed method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of the studied drugs in methanol at 360 and 344 nm after excitation at 276 and 232 nm for AMS and BUM, respectively. The fluorescence-concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges of 5.0-60.0 ng/mL for AMS and 0.5-5.0 µg/mL for BUM. The lower detection limits were 0.70 ng/mL and 0.06 µg/mL, and the lower quantification limits were 2.0 ng/mL and 0.18 µg/mL for AMS and BUM, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of AMS and BUM in commercial tablets. Statistical evaluation and comparison of the data obtained using the proposed and comparison methods revealed good accuracy and precision for the proposed method.