M. Mashkoor Alam

Utilization of waste materials in nematode control: A review

Abstract The addition of waste materials from animals and plants to soil has been explored as an alternative means of nematode control. These materials include agricultural wastes in the form of green manures and dried-crop residues in general and industrial by-products, such as oilcakes, sawdust, cellulosic waste, and sugar-cane bagasse in particular. Besides these, other biological wastes (chitin, bone meal, horn meal, sewage-sludge, municipal refuse, and livestock wastes) have been proved succesful in controlling nematodes for several years. The beneficial effects of organic incorporation have been generally considered to be due to direct or indirect stimulation of predators and parasites of plant-parasitic nematodes. Very often, when there was a decrease in the soil-pathogen population, there was a consequent increase in crop yield. This review reveals a promising area of ‘non-conventional’ nematode-management.

Effect of organic amendments on the growth and chemical composition of tomato, eggplant and chilli and their susceptibility to attack by Meloidogyne incognita.

SummaryFewer larvae ofMeloidogyne incognita invaded and fewer galls were formed when seedlings of nonresistant varieties of tomato, eggplant and chilli were growing in soil to which oilcakes of mahua, castor, neem/margosa, mustard and groundnut had been added. Chemical analysis of plant tissue showed that, compared with untreated plants, plants growing in treated soil contained greater concentrations of phenols and frequently of amino acids, proteins and carbohydrates.

Efficacy of oil-seed cakes against plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-inhabiting fungi on mungbean and chickpea

Abstract The efficiency of oil-seed cakes of neem ( Azadirachta indica ), castor ( Ricinus communis ), mustard ( Brassica campestris ) and duan ( Eruca sativa ) was evaluated against plant-parasitic nematodes and soil-inhabiting fungi infesting mungbean and the subsequent crop, chickpea, in field trials. The population of plant-parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Helicotylenchus indicus , etc., and the frequency of the pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, Phyllosticta phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum f. ciceri , etc., were significantly reduced by these treatments, but the frequency of saprophytic fungi was increased. A several-fold improvement was observed in plant growth parameters, and the residual effects of oil-seed cakes were also noted in the subsequent crop, chickpea, in the next growing season. Depth of ploughing also influenced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and the frequency of fungi.

Effect of crop residues amendments to soil for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes

Abstract Incorporation of harvested crop-residues of marigold, mustard and sunflower into soil proved highly effective in suppressing the incidence of root-knot caused by Meloidogyne incognita and in reducing the population build-up of some plant-parasitic nematodes. Enhanced plant growth of susceptible chilli ( Capsicum annum L.) was directly correlated with the degree of nematode control. Higher dosages resulted in better effects.

Traditional treatment of skin diseases in Uttar Pradesh, india

The paper deals with some important medicinal plants used in human skin diseases in Uttar Pradesh, India. Fifty species of 47 genera belonging to 30 families of pteridophytes and angiosperms are reported along with dosage rate and mode of administration.

Role of oil‐seed cakes for the management of plant‐parasitic nematodes and soil‐inhabiting fungi on lentil and mungben

The oil‐seed cakes of neem (Azadirachta indica), castor (Ricinus communis), linseed (Linum usitatissimum), groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), mustard (Brassica campestris) and duan (Eruca sativa) were tested for their efficacious nature against plant‐parasitic nematodes and soil‐inhabiting fungi infesting lentil and also on the subsequent crop, mungbean in field trials. The population of plant‐parasitic nematodes such as Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Tylenchorhynchus brassicae, Helicoty‐lenchus indicus etc., and the frequency of pathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum f. lentis, Rhizoctonia solarii, Septoria leguminum, Sclerotium rolfsii, etc., were significantly reduced by the incorporation of oil‐seed cakes, however, the frequency of saprophytic fungi Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viridae, Penicillium degetatum, etc., was increased. A several‐fold improvement was observed in plant‐growth parameters such as plant weight, percent pollen fertility, pod numbers, chlorophyll content, nitrate reducíase activity in leaves and root‐nodulation. The residual effects of different oil‐seed cakes were also noted in the subsequent crop, mungbean, in the next growing season. The population of plant‐parasitic nematodes and frequency of soil‐inhabiting fungi also influenced by the depth of ploughing.

Further studies on the use of water hyacinth in nematode control

Abstract Soil application of leaf and flower of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) gave satisfactory control of the stunt nematode ( Tylenchorhynchus brassicae ), and improved plant growth of cabbage and cauliflower. Water extracts of water hyacinth showed toxicity to T. brassicae in vitro . Bare-root-dip treatments in leaf and flower extracts brought about significant reduction in plant damage by way of inhibiting nematode multiplication.

Sawdusts as soil amendments for control of nematodes infesting some vegetables

Abstract Sawdusts of neem and mango greatly reduced root-knot development and multiplication of Rotylenchulus reniformis on tomato and eggplant, and Tylenchorhynchus brassicae on cabbage and cauliflower. The nematode control gradually increased with increasing dose of sawdust. Sawdust of neem was more efficacious than that of mango. Ammonium sulphate also proved effective against these nematodes but the degree of nematode control was less than that achieved by the sawdusts. As a consequence of nematode control, plant growth improved, with a few exceptions where higher doses of sawdust were phytotoxic to tomato and eggplant but not to cabbage and cauliflower. The combined effect of sawdust and ammonium sulphate was greater than for either of the separate treatments both with respect to nematode control and to the improvement in plant growth. The phytotoxicity of sawdust was effectively eliminated by supplementing the sawdust with ammonium sulphate.

Possible utilization of a noxious weed in nematode control

Abstract Soil amendment with chopped plant parts of water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) effectively controlled root-knot and reniform nematodes attacking tomato and eggplant. Consequently plant growth improved. Extracts of water hyacinth also showed nematicidal and nemato-static properties. These extracts when used as bare-root-dip treatments significantly retarded nematode development and plant damage.

Pollution-free control of plant parasitic nematodes by soil amendment with plant wastes

Abstract Chopped plant leaves, when incorporated into the naturally infested soil, effectively suppressed populations of plant parasitic nematodes and improved growth of tomato cv. Marglobe, barring a few exceptions where phytotoxicity was noted. This type of management to phytonematodes was considered economical, easy and pollution free.