M Packer
Australian Antarctic Division
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Publication
Featured researches published by M Packer.
Science of The Total Environment | 2013
S. Fiona Barker; M Packer; Peter J. Scales; Stephen Gray; Ian Snape; Andrew J. Hamilton
Small, remote communities often have limited access to energy and water. Direct potable reuse of treated wastewater has recently gained attention as a potential solution for water-stressed regions, but requires further evaluation specific to small communities. The required pathogen reduction needed for safe implementation of direct potable reuse of treated sewage is an important consideration but these are typically quantified for larger communities and cities. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was conducted, using norovirus, giardia and Campylobacter as reference pathogens, to determine the level of treatment required to meet the tolerable annual disease burden of 10(-6) DALYs per person per year, using Davis Station in Antarctica as an example of a small remote community. Two scenarios were compared: published municipal sewage pathogen loads and estimated pathogen loads during a gastroenteritis outbreak. For the municipal sewage scenario, estimated required log10 reductions were 6.9, 8.0 and 7.4 for norovirus, giardia and Campylobacter respectively, while for the outbreak scenario the values were 12.1, 10.4 and 12.3 (95th percentiles). Pathogen concentrations are higher under outbreak conditions as a function of the relatively greater degree of contact between community members in a small population, compared with interactions in a large city, resulting in a higher proportion of the population being at risk of infection and illness. While the estimates of outbreak conditions may overestimate sewage concentration to some degree, the results suggest that additional treatment barriers would be required to achieve regulatory compliance for safe drinking water in small communities.
Process Safety and Environmental Protection | 2016
Jianhua Zhang; A Knight; Mikel Duke; Kathy Northcott; M Packer; Peter J. Scales; Stephen Gray
Desalination | 2016
Jianhua Zhang; Marlene J. Cran; Kathy Northcott; M Packer; Mikel Duke; Nicholas Milne; Peter J. Scales; A Knight; Stephen Gray
Water | 2017
Jianhua Zhang; Mikel Duke; Kathy Northcott; M Packer; Mayumi Allinson; Graeme Allinson; Kiwao Kadokami; Jace Tan; Sebastian Allard; Jean-Philippe Croué; A Knight; Peter J. Scales; Stephen Gray
Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association | 2013
Ian Snape; S. F. Barker; Andrew J. Hamilton; Peter J. Scales; M Packer; Stephen Gray
Archive | 2017
Stephen Gray; Jianhua Zhang; Nicholas Milne; Mikel Duke; A Knight; Peter J. Scales; Mayumi Allinson; Graeme Allinson; M Packer; Kathy Northcott; P Hillis; D Sheehan; Sebastian Allard; J Tan; J-P Croue
Archive | 2015
Jianhua Zhang; M Packer; Kathy Northcott; Stephen Gray
Archive | 2015
Kathy Northcott; D Sheehan; Peter J. Scales; M Packer; S Bartlett; Stephen Gray
Archive | 2015
Jianhua Zhang; A Knight; Peter J. Scales; M Packer; Kathy Northcott; J-P Croue; Sebastian Allard; J Tan; Stephen Gray
Archive | 2015
A Knight; Jianhua Zhang; M Packer; Peter J. Scales; Stephen Gray