M. R. Nutti

Retention of total carotenoid and β-carotene in yellow sweet cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) after domestic cooking

Background Over the last decade, considerable efforts have been made to identify cassava cultivars to improve the vitamin A nutritional status of undernourished populations, especially in northeast Brazil, where cassava is one of the principal and essentially only nutritional source. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the total carotenoid, β-carotene, and its all-E-, 9-, and 13-Z-β-carotene isomers content in seven yellow sweet cassava roots and their retention after three boiling cooking methods. Design The total carotenoid, β-carotene, and its all-E-, 9-, and 13-Z-β-carotene isomers in yellow sweet cassava samples were determined by ultraviolet/visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively, before and after applying the cooking methods. All analyses were performed in triplicate. Results The total carotenoid in raw roots varied from 2.64 to 14.15 µg/g and total β-carotene from 1.99 to 10.32 µg/g. The β-carotene predominated in all the roots. The Híbrido 2003 14 08 cultivar presented the highest β-carotene content after cooking methods 1 and 3. The 1153 – Klainasik cultivar presented the highest 9-Z-β-carotene content after cooking by method 3. The highest total carotenoid retention was observed in cultivar 1456 – Vermelhinha and that of β-carotene for the Híbrido 2003 14 11 cultivar, both after cooking method 1. Evaluating the real retention percentage (RR%) in sweet yellow cassava after home cooking methods showed differences that can be attributed to the total initial carotenoid contents. However, no cooking method uniformly provided a higher total carotenoid or β-carotene retention in all the cultivars. Conclusion Differences were found in the cooking methods among the samples regarding total carotenoid or β-carotene retention, suggesting that the different behaviors of the cultivars need to be further analyzed. However, high percentages of total carotenoid or β-carotene retention were observed and can minimize vitamin A deficiency in low-income populations.

Effects of Boiling and Frying on the Bioaccessibility of β-Carotene in Yellow-Fleshed Cassava Roots (Manihot Esculenta Crantz cv. BRS Jari)

Background The effects of boiling and frying on the bioaccessibility of all-trans-β-carotene in biofortified BRS Jari cassava roots have not been investigated, although these are conventional methods of cassava preparation. Objective The aims of the present study were to investigate β-carotene micellarization efficiency of yellow-fleshed BRS Jari cassava roots after boiling and frying, as an indicator of the bioaccessibility of this carotenoid, and to apply fluorescence microscopy to investigate β-carotene in the emulsified fraction. Methods Uncooked, boiled, and fried cassava roots were digested in vitro for the evaluation, by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), of the efficiency of micellarization of all-trans-β-carotene in BRS Jari cassava roots. Fluorescence microscopy of the micellar fraction was used to confirm the presence of β-carotene in the emulsified fraction and to observe the structure of the microemulsion from the boiled and fried cassava samples. Results Fried cassava roots showed the highest (p < .05) micellarization efficiency for total carotenoids and all-trans-β-carotene (14.1 ± 2.25% and 14.37 ± 2.44%, respectively), compared with boiled and raw samples. Fluorescence microscopy showed that after in vitro digestion there were no carotenoid crystals in the micellar fraction, but rather that this fraction presented a biphasic system compatible with emulsified carotenoids, which was consistent with the expected high bioavailability of β-carotene in this fraction. Conclusions Increased emulsification and bioaccessibility of β-carotene from fried biofortified BRS Jari cassava roots compensates for chemical losses during preparation, indicating that this preparation is suitable for home use of BRS Jari cassava roots and might represent a relatively good food source of bioavailable provitamin A.

Carotenoids of Sweet Potato, Cassava, and Maize and Their Use in Bread and Flour Fortification

Publisher Summary Carotenoids are among the most valuable food constituents in terms of food quality and human health effects. As natural pigments, they confer the pleasing yellow, orange, or red color of many fruits, vegetables, egg yolk, crustaceans, and some fish. The principal carotenoids found in foods are β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. These carotenoids are also the most commonly found in human plasma and have been the most studied in terms of health benefits. This chapter reviews the carotenoid compositions of three major staple foods consumed by millions of people in many countries, especially developing countries, along with their possible use in the fortification of flour and bakery products. For all three crops, nutrition education is needed to promote acceptability, considering the current preference for varieties devoid of color in many countries. For Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), varieties with considerable amounts of all-E-b-carotene are available; however, for cassava and maize, enhancing the provitamin A content is still being pursued, especially by biofortification, although adding β-carotene to cassava flour may be an alternative. The use of carotenoid-rich or biofortified flours in a variety of products has been shown to be technologically feasible; carotenoid retention during these processes needs to be demonstrated.

Rice and Bean Targets for Biofortification Combined with High Carotenoid Content Crops Regulate Transcriptional Mechanisms Increasing Iron Bioavailability

Iron deficiency affects thousands of people worldwide. Biofortification of staple food crops aims to support the reduction of this deficiency. This study evaluates the effect of combinations of common beans and rice, targets for biofortification, with high carotenoid content crops on the iron bioavailability, protein gene expression, and antioxidant effect. Iron bioavailability was measured by the depletion/repletion method. Seven groups were tested (n = 7): Pontal bean (PB); rice + Pontal bean (R + BP); Pontal bean + sweet potato (PB + SP); Pontal bean + pumpkin (PB + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + P); Pontal bean + rice + sweet potato (PB + R + SP); positive control (Ferrous Sulfate). The evaluations included: hemoglobin gain, hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (HRE), gene expression of divalente metal transporter 1 (DMT-1), duodenal citocromo B (DcytB), ferroportin, hephaestin, transferrin and ferritin and total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC). The test groups, except the PB, showed higher HRE (p < 0.05) than the control. Gene expression of DMT-1, DcytB and ferroportin increased (p < 0.05) in the groups fed with high content carotenoid crops (sweet potato or pumpkin). The PB group presented lower (p < 0.05) TAC than the other groups. The combination of rice and common beans, and those with high carotenoid content crops increased protein gene expression, increasing the iron bioavailability and antioxidant capacity.

ALIMENTOS GENETICAMENTE MODIFICADOS: AVALIAÇÃO DE SEGURANÇA E MELHORIAS DE QUALIDADE EM DESENVOLVIMENTO

Com o objetivo de verificar a multiplicacao, expressao de sintomas foliares e efeito dos molicutes na producao de diferentes genotipos de milho, fitoplasma e Spiroplasma kunkelii foram inoculados, isolada ou simultaneamente, em cinco cultivares, mantidas em vasos ate a producao. Plantas sadias de todas as cultivares foram utilizadas como controle. Em cada vaso, foram cultivadas duas plantas, sendo uma utilizada para a deteccao dos molicutes na ultima folha completamente expandida, aos 30, 60 e 100 dias apos a inoculacao. A outra planta foi utilizada para deteccao dos molicutes nas folhas inferiores, medianas e apicais, aos 100 dias apos a inoculacao. O percentual de reducao causado pelos molicutes na altura e na producao de graos foi determinado nas duas plantas, em relacao as plantas sadias. A expressao de sintomas foliares e os resultados positivos obtidos na deteccao dos molicutes foram mais evidentes aos 100 dias apos a inoculacao. O periodo de enchimento de graos foi considerado a fase mais adequada para a deteccao desses patogenos. Os molicutes foram detectados nas folhas inferiores, medianas e apicais, observando-se maior frequencia nas folhas apicais. Verificou-se predominância de infeccao por espiroplasma e maior efeito detrimental desse patogeno no crescimento e producao das plantas em relacao ao fitoplasma. Nao foi detectado efeito sinergistico significativo dos dois molicutes sobre o crescimento e producao das plantas. Observou-se que o efeito prejudicial desses patogenos sobre o crescimento e producao das cultivares foi determinado pela frequencia de plantas infectadas.Apesar do amplo uso de deltametrina para controlar pragas do milho, no Brasil, existem poucas informacoes sobre o seu impacto nos artropodes associados a cultura. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da pulverizacao de deltametrina em atropodes pragas e predadores mais comuns na parte aerea do milho. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. No estadio de dez folhas expandidas, o inseticida (Decis 25 CE, 7,5 gi.a./ha) foi pulverizado no cartucho das plantas e amostragens realizadas em dez plantas/parcela (1 dia antes, 7, 10, 14, 21 e 28 dias apos a pulverizacao) determinaram a densidade populacional ou a ocorrencia dos artropodes e a percentagem de plantas atacadas por Spodoptera frugiperda . O inseticida controlou a infestacao de S. frugiperda ate sete dias apos a pulverizacao e, nesse periodo, tambem reduziu em 64% a densidade populacional da cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis nas parcelas tratadas. O inseticida nao afetou negativamente o complexo de artropodes predadores associados a parte aerea do milho, mostrando toxicidade seletiva em favor de ninfas e adultos de Doru luteipes , de um grupo nao identificado de formigas e de aranhas. Esses resultados sao favoraveis ao uso de deltametrina em programas de manejo de S. frugiperda na cultura do milho, principalmente nos agroecossistemas com elevada abundância de predadores.Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da omissao de P no meio de cultura nas caracteristicas fisiologicas de absorcao de P e no comprimento de raizes de oito genotipos de milho, quatro previamente classificados como eficientes e quatro como ineficientes para P, foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, sementes dos oito hibridos de milho foram germinadas em rolos de papel-toalha e transplantadas para recipientes de plastico contendo solucao nutritiva completa de Steinberg, pH 5,5. Sete dias apos o transplante, o P foi retirado de metade das bandejas. Apos tres dias de omissao de P, realizou-se a cinetica de absorcao de P, iniciando-se a retirada de aliquotas de 10 ml de cada vaso, a cada 30 minutos, durante oito horas. No segundo experimento, aos seis dias apos a omissao do P no meio de cultivo, raizes das plantas dos tratamentos com e sem omissao de fosforo foram coletadas para avaliacao do comprimento total do sistema radicular. A omissao de fosforo por tres dias aumentou significativamente a velocidade maxima de absorcao de fosforo (Vmax) e a taxa de influxo em seis genotipos de milho, quatro ineficientes e dois eficientes para P. O Km (Constante de Michaelis) foi significativamente modificado pela omissao de fosforo em apenas dois genotipos. Conclui-se que aumentos na Vmax e taxa de influxo de P com a omissao de P no meio de cultivo e um mecanismo geral de resposta das plantas a deficiencia de P, mas que nao confere eficiencia diferencial entre genotipos de milho. A omissao de P na solucao nutritiva, por seis dias, aumentou significativamente o comprimento radicular em tres dos genotipos eficientes para P. Nos genotipos ineficientes para P, nao houve modificacao significativa dessas caracteristicas, indicando que o crescimento diferencial do sistema radicular pode ser um dos possiveis mecanismos da eficiencia para fosforo em milho.

Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness

ABSTRACT Biofortification aims to improve the micronutrient concentration of staple food crops through the best practices of breeding and modern biotechnology. However, increased zinc and iron concentrations in food crops may not always translate into proportional increases in absorbed zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe). Therefore, assessing iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified crops is imperative to evaluate the efficacy of breeding programs. This review aimed to investigate the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness. In vitro, animal and isotopic human studies have shown high iron and zinc bioavailability in biofortified staple food crops. Human studies provide direct knowledge regarding the effectiveness of biofortification, however, human studies are time consuming and are more expensive than in vitro and animal studies. Moreover, in vitro studies may be a useful preliminary screening method to identify promising plant cultivars, however, these studies cannot provide data that are directly applicable to humans. None of these methods provides complete information regarding mineral bioavailability, thus, a combination of these methods should be the most appropriate strategy to investigate the effectiveness of zinc and iron biofortification programs.