M. Shahjahan

Chapter 6 – Electron Impact Inner-Shell Ionization of Atoms

Electron impact inner-shell ionization cross-section (EIICS) calculations of neutral atoms with atomic numbers Z = 6–92 for K-shell, Z = 18–92 for L-shell, and Z = 79–92 for M-shell have been reviewed. In this work, the evaluations of the EIICS are discussed using our recently propounded easy-to-use models that are found adequately successful in describing the experimental cross sections. The selection of the range of atomic number Z for different inner-shells was guided by the availability of the EIICS data either from experiments or from rigorous quantal calculations. Details of the models have been presented and their findings are compared with the experimental and other theoretical results. Our models describe the experimental results nicely for K-, L-, and M-shell ionization for Z ≤ 92 in the energy range E ≤ 2 GeV.

Cross-sectional Study on Utilization of Radiology and Imaging Equipment in the District Hospitals of Bangladesh

A quality diagnosis mostly depends on the availability and proper utilization of radiology and imaging equipments in the modern medical technology. Every year, huge amount of revenue is spent to purchase costly and sophisticated radiology and imaging equipments for the district hospitals of Bangladesh. But radiology and imaging equipments are underutilized in most of the developing Asian and African countries, including Bangladesh. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to find the functional status, workload, utilization, and factors affecting the utilization of radiology and imaging equipments in the district hospitals of Bangladesh. Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to take interview of relevant human resources. Work time study method was applied where multiple checklists were used to measure consumed time for each procedure and daily actual work time of radiology and imaging equipments. In this study, 46.9% radiology and imaging equipments were found functional, 40.6% radiology and imaging equipments nonfunctional, and 12.5% radiology and imaging equipments functional but not in use. This study revealed that 53% of total radiology and imaging equipments of district hospitals were nonfunctional, and functional but not in use, where 8 equipments became nonfunctional before 10 years due to unavailability of spare parts and inadequate maintenance fund. Work time in radiography identified 83.51% and in ultrasonography (USG) 71.08% among the respondents of radiology and imaging department in the district hospitals. Utilization rate of general radiography equipments was found to be 67.01%, portable radiography equipments 16.5%, and USG equipments 71.08%. Average utilization rate of radiology and imaging equipments was found to be 51.53% in the district hospitals of Bangladesh. Utilization rate of radiology and imaging equipments more than 50% is considered as standard utilization. Current status of utilization rate needs to accelerate to get maximum turnover of the equipments among the district hospitals of Bangladesh. Important factors affecting the utilization of radiology and imaging equipments were observed – shortage of manpower, inadequate physical infrastructure, and less incorporation of advanced technology with existing facility. ORiginAl ARticle 1Senior Medical Technologist, 2Lecturer, 3Professor 1Department of Radiology, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Department of Public Health, State University of Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh 3Department of Public Health Administration & Hospital Management, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh Corresponding Author: Md Mofazzal Hossain, Senior Medical Technologist, Department of Radiology, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research of Bangladesh, Dhaka Bangladesh, Phone: 8801710960825, e-mail:mhrt@icddrb.org 10.5005/jp-journ ls-10035-1072 Cross-sectional Study on Utilization of Radiology and Imaging Equipment in the District Hospitals of Bangladesh 1Md Mofazzal Hossain, 2Papia Sultana, 3M Shahjahan