Magali Fois

Experimental investigation of a composite phase change material: Thermal-energy storage and release

In recent times, composites made out of polymers and paraffin waxes were thought to be good thermal energy storage materials, in which the heat is stored as latent heat of fusion in the paraffin wax. In this study, phase change composite material with spherical shape calibrated based paraffin wax (RT27) was produced. The properties of the prepared composite phase change material have been characterized. The objective of this article was to study the energy storage and the energy recovery by using a phase change composite material. An experimental set-up consisting of fluxmetric measurement has been constructed to provide the thermal performance of the composite. In addition, a differential scanning calorimetry analysis was carried out. The experimental apparatus allows providing heat storage capacities and “apparent” thermal conductivities of the composite at the solid and liquid states, and also a measurement of the latent heat of fusion. The proposed test provides temperature and heat flux measurements at the material borders. The amount of energy exchanged during the variation of the thermodynamic state samples could be calculated when the boundary temperatures vary. In this article, one shows how it can allow the study of complex composite material with PCM. In particular, heat flux measurements make it possible to highlight very specific behaviors of these products and are thus a very interesting experimental source of data which comes to complete the traditional measurement methods like calorimetric device (differential scanning calorimetry).

Transport properties of polyester composite reinforced with treated sisal fibers

Thermal conductivity, diffusivity, relative permittivity, specific heat, and tensile properties of sisal/polyester composites were investigated as a function of fiber volume fraction and fiber surface modification. The composites were prepared by resin transfer molding (RTM) technique. Sisal fibers were subjected to various chemical and physical modifications such as mercerization, heating at 100°C, permanganate treatment, benzoylation, and silanization to improve the interfacial bonding with matrix. All treatments used in this study improved the relative permittivity, tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and reduced the elongation at break. The use of NaOH and silane treatments decreased the thermal conductivity. Beside these, a comparison between dielectric, mechanical, and thermal behaviors of the composites was reported in this paper. A linear dependence of the relative variation of dielectric permittivity, Young’s modulus, and thermal conductivity was also shown for untreated systems.

Viscoelastic, thermal and environmental characteristics of poly(lactic acid), linear low-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene ternary blends and composites

Abstract Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/(linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)–low-density polyethylene (LDPE)) PLA/(LLDPE-LDPE) ternary blends were prepared and characterized as function of the PLA content. (50/50) PLA/(LLDPE–LDPE) blend was also compatibilized using maleic anhydride grafted low-density polyethylene (PE-g-MA) incorporated with a concentration of 5 wt.%. PLA/(LLDPE–LDPE) blend composites have been prepared by dispersing 5 wt.% of an organophilic montmorillonite (Org-MMT), added according to two different mixing methods. These materials were subjected to several investigations such as X-rays diffraction (XRD), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry, and environmental tests. In the PLA glassy region, DMTA results showed that the storage modulus of PLA/(LLDPE–LDPE) blends decreases upon decreasing the PLA content. When PE-g-MA and Org-MMT were added, PLA exhibited a noticeable increase in the storage modulus across the glass transition region due the interface reinforcement and the enhancement of the blends stiffness. The decrease in the magnitude of the PLA tan δ peak was attributed to the decrease in the molecular mobility that could result from the increase in the interfacial resistance. XRD analysis showed that the method of dispersion of the nanoclay controls the final structural properties of the composites. (50/50) PLA/(LLDPE-LDPE) blend and composites revealed a satisfactory aptitude to biodegradation.

Contribution of Catalytic Transesterification Reactions to the Compatibilization of Poly(lactic acid)/Polycarbonate Blends: Thermal, Morphological and Viscoelastic Characterization

Samarium acetylacetonate (Sm-Acac) was added to catalyze interchange reactions between poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC) in order to promote compatibilization and enhance the performances of the PLA/PC blend. The effects of the composition and catalyzed transesterification reactions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DMTA and DSC analysis revealed the immiscibility of the uncatalyzed PLA/PC blends for the studied compositions because the glass transition temperatures of PC and PLA were unchanged after blending. In the PLA glassy region, PLA/PC blends exhibited lower storage moduli which increased upon heating due to the cold crystallization process. During melt mixing with Sm-Acac catalyst, PLA/PC blends were submitted to two competing processes. In one hand, Sm-Acac acted as a plasticizer and contributed in decreasing significantly the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperatures of PLA phase. In the other hand, Sm-Acac proved its efficiency in catalyzing the transesterification reactions that were evidenced by the decrease of the PLA aptitude to crystallization due to the hindering effect of the PC units inserted into the PLA chains. PLA/PC blends melt mixed with 0.25% of Sm-Acac showed a significant strengthening effect, corresponding to an increase in the storage modulus in the temperature range comprised between 70 and 90 °C. This indicated the formation of a copolymer at the interface and the promotion of adhesion as it is confirmed from the decrease in the height of the PLA Tan δ peak. At 0.5% of Sm-Acac, (90/10) PLA/PC blend revealed a new peak assigned to the glass transition of the PLA-PC copolymer, whereas the (50/50) PLA/PC blend was converted into a new random copolymer. TG analysis proved the presence of a copolymer structure presenting an intermediate thermal stability in both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed blends.

Viscoelastic, thermo-mechanical and environmental properties of composites based on polypropylene/poly(lactic acid) blend and copper modified nanoclay

Abstract Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polypropylene (PP) blends composites were prepared by incorporating 3 wt.% of copper modified montmorillonite (MMT-Cu2+), obtained using cation exchange in a CuSO4 solution, and 10 wt.% of polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) as a compatibilizer then varying the PLA content until 50 wt.%. These materials were subjected to several investigations such as X-rays diffraction, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile and environmental tests. The DMTA analysis showed that the glassy PLA high stiffness and the PP crystalline phase compensate the decrease in the storage modulus occurring during the PP and PLA glass transitions, respectively. The variations of tan δ revealed no changes on the PP and PLA phases glass transitions temperatures which indicate the immiscibility of the two polymers, as supported by DSC analysis. Blends composites SEM micrographs stated the immiscibility of the system resulting in the poor adhesion of the PLA droplets to the PP matrix. Also, the blends composites exhibited intermediate tensile properties between those of PP and PLA. The incorporation of MMT-Cu2+ to the (50/50) PP/PLA blend accentuated its aptitude to water absorption and ensured an efficient antimicrobial activity over a satisfactorily long period of around six months.

Experimental Investigation of Palm Fiber Surface Treatment Effect on Thermal, Acoustical, and Mechanical Properties of a New Bio-Composite

This work presented an experimental investigation on the use of a bio-composite as an insulating material in building. During the past few years, many projects have tried to create new composites with a high insulating properties, essentially thermal, which plays an important role in buildings energy efficiency (Chikhi et al. in Energy Build 66:267–273, 2013).