Magdalena Regel-Rosocka

Nickel(II) and Cobalt(II) Extraction from Chloride Solutions with Quaternary Phosphonium Salts

Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 101), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) are used as extractants for Ni(II) and Co(II) from chloride solutions. Such a system has not been described up to now. Co(II) extraction to Cyphos IL 101 depends on HCl concentration in the feed. Co(II) extraction with Cyphos IL 104 is the most efficient (> 95%) for feed without HCl. UV/Vis spectra analysis is employed to explain the extraction of both metal ions. Co(II), extracted from acidic HCl solutions, forms in the organic phase tetrahedral anionic complexes that allow phosphonium salts easily to form . However, Co(II) extraction with Cyphos IL 104 from feed without HCl proceeds according to another mechanism – cation exchange – resulting in CoA2 formation. Successful separation of Co(II) over Ni(II) is achieved with Cyphos IL 104.

Extraction of Palladium(II) Ions from Chloride Solutions with Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Cyphos®IL101

Extraction of Palladium(II) Ions from Chloride Solutions with Phosphonium Ionic Liquid Cyphos®IL101 The extraction of palladium(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions of various concentrations in the presence of different amounts of sodium chloride with phosphonium ionic liquid Cyphos®IL101 in toluene was investigated. The extraction of Pd(II) is very effective. The percentage extraction of Pd(II) from 0.1 mol dm- 3 HCl solution amounts to 97% with Cyphos®IL101. Both the increase in HCl concentration and the presence of NaCl have a negative influence on the extraction. The extent of extraction from 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl solution in the presence of 0.5 mol dm-3 NaCl is about 80% and from 3 mol dm-3 HCl is lower and amounts to 56%. The extraction of Pd(II) from aqueous 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl and from 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl in the presence of 0.5 mol dm-3 NaCl with this phosphonium ionic liquid is rapid and the equilibrium is achieved after 1 - 2 minutes. The extraction of Pd(II) from aqueous 3 mol dm-3 HCl is slower and the equilibrium is achieved after 5 - 6 minutes.

Iron(II) Transfer to the Organic Phase During Zinc(II) Extraction from Spent Pickling Solutions with Tributyl Phosphate

Abstract During Zn(II) extraction with tributyl phosphate (TBP) from hydrochloric acid solutions, the transfer of Fe(II) to the strip solution is observed. A hypothesis on the mechanism of Fe(II) transport is proposed. Measurements of the conductivity of the organic phase suggest a possibility of reverse micelle formation. A significant increase in the conductivity of the organic phase with HCl concentration both in batch and in mixer‐settler experiments is observed. The contribution of Fe(II) oxidation to Fe(III) and then extraction of the latter seems to be insignificant. Owing to the physical transport of iron(II), the metal cation can be effectively scrubbed with water from the loaded TBP.

Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bromide as extractant for Rh(III), Ru(III) and Pt(IV) from chloride solutions‡

Ruthenium, rhodium and platinum are the most expensive of noble metals. As their natural sources are limited, it is important to develop an effective process for recovering Rh, Ru and Pt from waste sources. Their main suppliers are the following industries: chemical (spent catalysts), automotive, jewellery, dental and petrochemical. This paper presents studies on the extraction of Rh(III), Ru(III) and Pt(IV) from model aqueous chloride solutions using trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bromide (Cyphos IL 102). The effects of different parameters such as the influence of shaking time, HCl and NaCl concentrations in the feed solutions and also Cyphos IL 102 concentration in the organic phase, on the extraction of these metal ions were investigated. Additionally, the effect of the ageing of Rh(III) and Ru(III) chloride solutions on the extraction of these metal ions was studied.

Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts

Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts The equilibrium of zinc(II) extraction from hydrochloric acid solutions with phosphonium and ammonium quaternary salts and their application as carriers in polymer inclusion membranes were studied. The most efficient was the extraction of zinc with the use of chlorides and bromide of ammonium and phosphonium salt (more than 90%). Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium chlorides and bromide are efficient extractants of zinc(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions. Two-fold molar excess of extractant over Zn(II) is necessary for efficient extraction (100%). Solvent extraction power of the extractants studied decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of the anion in the following sequence: QPCl > QPBr > QPBis > QACl > QABF4 > QPBF4 > QPPF6 > QPNtf2. A solution of 1 M H2 SO4 is chosen as the best stripping phase from the technological and economical point of view. Transport across polymeric inclusion membrane enables concentration of the stripping solution; however it takes a very long time.

Quaternary phosphonium salts as effective extractants of zinc(II) and iron(III) ions from acidic pickling solutions

Quaternary phosphonium salts as effective extractants of zinc(II) and iron(III) ions from acidic pickling solutions Extraction of zinc(II) and iron(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions using quaternary phosphonium salts, Cyphos® IL 101, Cyphos® IL 104, Cyphos® IL109 and Cyphos® IL 111 in mixtures with toluene, was studied. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos® IL 101) and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos® IL 104) showed the best zinc(II) and iron(III) extraction abilities. After three stages of zinc(II) extraction with Cyphos® IL 101 and Cyphos® IL 104 the efficiencies were 100 and 93.6%, respectively. Total iron(III) transport to the organic phase was achieved after two separation stages and amounted to 82.1 and 100% for Cyphos® IL 101 and Cyphos® IL 104, respectively. Zinc(II) and iron(III) could be effectively stripped from the loaded organic phases with 0.5 mol dm-3 sulfuric acid. The more hydrophobic the character of the anion type of phosphonium salts, the lower the efficiency of extraction.

Nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction hybrid system for separation of fumaric acid from fermentation broth.

A novel approach based on a hybrid system allowing nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction, was proposed to remove fumaric acid from fermentation broth left after bioconversion of glycerol. The fumaric salts can be concentrated in the nanofiltration process to a high yield (80-95% depending on pressure), fumaric acid can be selectively separated from other fermentation components, as well as sodium fumarate can be conversed into the acid form in bipolar electrodialysis process (stack consists of bipolar and anion-exchange membranes). Reactive extraction with quaternary ammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) or alkylphosphine oxides (Cyanex 923) solutions (yield between 60% and 98%) was applied as the final step for fumaric acid recovery from aqueous streams after the membrane techniques. The hybrid system permitting nanofiltration, bipolar electrodialysis and reactive extraction was found effective for recovery of fumaric acid from the fermentation broth.

Transport of Zn(II), Fe(II), Fe(III) across polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) and flat sheet supported liquid membranes (SLM) containing phosphonium ionic liquids as metal ion carriers

ABSTRACT In this work transport of Zn(II), Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions from chloride aqueous solutions across polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) and supported liquid membranes (SLMs) containing one of three phosphonium ionic liquids: trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 101), trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos IL 104) and tributyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos IL 167) as an ion carrier was reported. The results show that Zn(II) and Fe(III) are effectively transported through PIMs and SLMs, while Fe(II) transport is not effective. The highest values of initial flux and permeability coefficient of Zn(II) were noticed for SLM containing Cyphos IL 167. Cyphos IL 101-containing SLM is more stable than PIM.

Transport of iron ions from chloride solutions using cellulose triacetate matrix inclusion membranes with an ionic liquid carrier

In this study, liquid membranes denoted as polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) consisting of cellulose triacetate (CTA) as a polymer matrix, o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticiser and phosphonium ionic liquids, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride (Cyphos® IL 101) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate (Cyphos® IL 104), as carriers of metal ions were developed. The transport of Fe(II) and Fe(III) from chloride aqueous solutions across PIMs was investigated. It is shown that these phosphonium ionic liquids are effective carriers of Fe(III) ions through PIMs. While, for Fe(II), the highest value of extraction efficiency and recovery factor after 72 h does not exceed 40%, by contrast, the values of these parameters for Fe(III) transport ranged from 60% to almost 100%. Additionally, the results indicate the transport rate to be strongly influenced by the amount of carrier in the membrane. The highest initial flux of Fe(III) and permeability coefficient are noted for the membrane containing 40 mass % Cyphos® IL 101. However, it is shown that the transport of Fe(III) increases as the carrier content is increased then decreases at a content of the carrier equal to 40 mass %. It appears that the Fe(III)-carrier complex decomposes with difficulty at the interface of the membrane-receiving phase, hence leading to low values of recovery factor Fe(III).

Ionic Liquids in Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions

Solvents and catalysts for organic reactions:  Friedel-Crafts reactions,  Alkylation,  Izomerisation,  Acylation,  Esterification,  Cracking,  Diels-Alder addition,  Wittig reactions,  Polymerisation. Solvents in separation processes:  Extraction of metals and organic compounds,  Nuclear wastewater treatment,  Production of selective liquid membranes and sensors. Others:  Electrolytes in chemical sources of energy,  Lubricants,  Plasticizers,  Bactericides,  Fungicides,  Antielectrostatic agents,  Selective absorber of sulphur compounds from gasoline and oils.