Magdalena Stanek

Content of selected heavy metals in the organs of fish from Znin Duze Lake

Fish species constituting the majority of the fish population ofnin Du?e Lake were selected for the investigations. They included: roach, white bream, common bream and perch. The largest amounts of detected metals accumulated in the liver and gills, and the lowest amounts occurred in muscle, except copper which had the lowest concentration in the gills. A bifactor analysis of variance revealed that the average concentrations of the elements in different organs differed significantly, but only in a few cases the average contents of mineral components in the same organ for different species differed significantly. The analysis of the dependence of the content of elements in different organs and the fish body length indicated a positive correlation for Cu, Fe and Ni, and a negative correlation for Zn and Mn in muscle. The analysis of the bioaccumulation coefficient revealed that the largest tendency to accumulate in muscle is displayed by zinc and iron, manganese and copper accumulate the least.

Impact of Different Fishing Seasons on the Fatty Acids Profile, Cholesterol Content, And Fat in the Muscles of Perch, Perca Fluviatils L. from the Włocławski Reservoir (Central Poland)

Impact of Different Fishing Seasons on the Fatty Acids Profile, Cholesterol Content, And Fat in the Muscles of Perch, Perca Fluviatils L. from the Włocławski Reservoir (Central Poland) The aim of the study was to compare the fatty acids profile, fat content, and total cholesterol in the muscles of female perch, Perca fluviatilis L., caught in fall and spring. The group of fish examined was comprised of perch caught in the Włocławski Reservoir in December 2005 and June 2006. Analysis indicated that the muscles of the fish caught in fall had higher total cholesterol and fat content (53.91 mg 100 g-1 and 2.17%, respectively) in comparison with the level of these parameters in the muscles of perch caught in spring (44.74 mg 100 g-1 and 1.94%, respectively). In both seasons, the main saturated fatty acid (SFA) was C16:0, the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were dominated by C18:1 n-6, and the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was of C20:5 n-3. The total SFA and PUFA was higher in the muscles of perch caught in fall at 47.53 and 28.65%, respectively, in contrast to the values of these acids in spring, which were 43.02% and 21.73%, respectively. Total MUFA in fall (23.83%) was lower than in spring (32.24%). Wpływ Różnych Sezonów Odłowu na Profil Kwasów Tłuszczowych, Zawartość Cholesterolu Oraz Tłuszczu w Mięsie Okonia (Perca Fluviatils L.) ze Zbiornika Włocławskiego (Centralna Polska) Celem badań było porównanie profilu kwasów tłuszczowych, zawartości tłuszczu i cholesterolu całkowitego w mięsie samic okoni, Perca fluviatilis L. pomiędzy wiosną i jesienią. Grupę badawczą stanowiły okonie ze Zbiornika Włocławskiego pozyskane w grudniu 2005 roku i czerwcu 2006 roku. Analiza wykazała, że w mięsie ryb odłowionych jesienią było większe stężenie cholesterolu całkowitego (53,91 mg 100 g-1) i tłuszczu (2,17%), w porównaniu z poziomem tych parametrów w mięsie okoni pozyskanych wiosną, kiedy zawartość cholesterolu całkowitego wynosiła 44,74 mg 100 g-1, a tłuszcz stanowił 1,94%. W obu sezonach głównym kwasem spośród nasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych (SFA) był C16:0, w grupie monoenowych kwasów tłuszczowych (MUFA) dominował C18:1 n-6, a spośród polienowych kwasów (PUFA) największy procent stanowił C20:5 n-3. Suma SFA i PUFA była wyższa w mięsie okoni pozyskanych jesienią i stanowiła odpowiednio 47,53 i 28,65%, w przeciwieństwie do wartości tych kwasów u ryb odłowionych wiosną, u których SFA stanowiło 43,02%, a PUFA 21,73%. Suma MUFA jesienią (23,83%) była niższa niż wiosną (32,24%).

Fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid profiles in edible tissues of spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Raf.) from Lake Gopło (Poland)

Fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid profiles in edible tissues of spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Raf.) from Lake Gopło (Poland) The aim of the present work was to determine the fatty acid profiles, total cholesterol content, and the fat percentage in the meat of the abdominal section of spiny-cheek crayfish, Orconectes limosus (Raf.), caught in Lake Gopło. A total of 177 males (aged 3+ and 4+) were collected in spring and summer for the analyses. The meat of crayfish caught during spring had higher fat contents (1.09 % in 3+ individuals and 1.10 % in older crayfish) than that in individuals from summer at 0.92 and 1.05%, respectively. Differences among these means were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The total cholesterol content was higher in the meat of crayfish caught in summer (71.98 mg 100 g-1), and these values differed significantly from those obtained from individuals in spring (65.32 mg 100 g-1). In all groups of crayfish analyzed, the main SFA was C16:0, MUFAs were dominated by C18:1 n-6, and the highest percentage of PUFAs was of C20:5 n-3. Zawartość tłuszczu i cholesterolu oraz profil kwasów tłuszczowych w jadalnej tkance raka pręgowatego Orconectes limosus (Raf.) z jeziora Gopło (Polska) Celem pracy było oznaczenie zawartości tłuszczu i cholesterolu całkowitego oraz profilu kwasów tłuszczowych w mięsie odwłokowej części raka pręgowatego pozyskanego z jeziora Gopło wiosną i latem. Do badań pozyskano 177 sztuk samców (3- i 4-letnich). Analizy wykazały, że mięso raków odłowionych wiosną posiadało większą ilość tłuszczu (1,09% u osobników 3-letnich i 1,10% u raków starszych), niż u osobników pozyskanych latem, co wynosiło odpowiednio 0,92 i 1,05%. Różnice pomiędzy tymi wartościami nie różniły się statystycznie istotnie (P > 0,05). Zawartość cholesterolu całkowitego była wyższa w mięsie raków odłowionych latem (71,98 mg 100 g-1) i obliczono statystycznie istotne różnice pomiędzy tą zawartością, a ilością tego sterolu w mięsie raków z wiosny (65,32 mg 100 g-1). We wszystkich grupach analizowanych raków, głównym kwasem nasyconym był kwas C16:0, jednonienasyconym kwas C18:1n-6, w grupie kwasów wielonienasyconych największy udział procentowy miał kwas C20:5n-3.

Chemometric analysis of fatty acids profile of bream (Abramis brama), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua) and perch (Perca fluviatilis) meat from Lake Gopło and Włocławski Dam Reservoir

The 18 fatty acid profiles have been determined in 63 samples of muscles from three freshwater fish species: bream, ruffe and perch by gas chromatography method. The fish were collected in natural condition from two reservoirs located in central Poland: Lake Goplo and Wloclawski Reservoir. A chemometric study with the use of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component (PCA) and stepwise linear discrimination analysis (LDA) was applied to characterize, classify and differentiate collected samples. The chemometric techniques by using fatty acids content as descriptors allow clearly distinguish 6 groups according to fish species and their geographical origin.

Impact of sex and size range on fat, cholesterol content, and fatty acid profiles in edible tissues of spiny-cheek crayfish (Orconectes limosus Raf.) from Lake Goplo (Poland)

Abstract . The aim of the present work was to determine the fatty acid profile, the total cholesterol content, and the percentage of fat in the meat of the abdominal section of spiny-cheek crayfish Oreonectes limosus (Raf.) caught in Lake Gop3o. A total of 138 crayfish, including males, was collected for the study in spring (May 2012). Analyses indicated that fat content was higher in the meat of females (1.31%) than in that of males (1.14%), and there were no statistically significant differences in the fat content between females and males. Differences between the mean fat content in the muscle of males from groups I, II, and III were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The same results were observed for both groups of females. The total cholesterol content was higher in the meat of female crayfish (95.65 mg 100 g-1) than in that of males (88.53 mg 100 g-1). The differences between the mean cholesterol content in the muscles of the three male groups were not statistically significant. The same results were observed for the groups of females. In all the crayfish groups, the main SFA was C16:0, MUFAs were dominated by C18:1 n-6, and the highest percentage of PUFA was of C20:5 n-3.

Impact of the environmental factors on the total cholesterol content in the meat of freshwater fish of Poland

The aim of the work was to determine the total cholesterol content in the meat of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.), Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernua L.) and sander (Sander lucioperca L.) collected from Lake Goplo, Lake Goreckie and to compare the cholesterol content between females and males of ruffe caught in different seasons from Lake Goplo. The study involved 84 samples of fish meat. The cholesterol content was determined with the modified Liebermann-Burchardt colorimetric method using a Shimadzu spectrophotometer (UV-VIS-NIR-3100). As analyses indicated there were no statistically significant differences in the total cholesterol content in the meat of females and males of ruffe caught during spring (42.27 and 44.35 mg·100 g-1, respectively). The statistically significant differences were determined between individuals of females and males of ruffe collected in autumn from Lake Goplo. These values ranged from 48.95 mg·100 g-1 for females to 59.29 mg·100 g-1 for males. There were found no statistically significant differences in the total cholesterol content in the meat of perch collected from Lake Goplo (57.80 mg·100 g-1) and Lake Goreckie (61.45 mg·100 g-1). Analyses which concerned the total cholesterol content in the meat of four different fish species collected from Lake Goplo confirmed a statistically significant interspecies differences in the total cholesterol content. These values ranged from 52.77 mg·100 g-1 (in the meat of sander) to 61.12 mg·100 g-1 (in the meat of Pruscian carp).

Blood plasma proteins and protein fractions in roe deer Capreolus capreolus L.

The aim of the research was to investigate some selected biochemical blood parameters in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.). The experiment covered 15 from 2 to 3-year-old bucks from Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The animals were shot by individual hunters on the shooting grounds during the hunting season of 2008/2009 (in the accordance with the Journal of Laws No 48). The material for the research was blood plasma obtained after centrifuging full, nonhemolyzed blood. The blood was collected from the zygomatic vein directly to the test tubes with EDTA and transported in cooling conditions to the laboratory. After transporting the samples of blood to a certified analytical laboratory, the following elements of the obtained blood plasma were examined: ceruloplasmin – using turbidimetric method; transferrin – using immunoturbimetric method; troponin- using a third generation assay on an Elecsys; total protein, albumin, globulin – using spectrophotometric method and total iron – using colorimetric method. The results were statistically analyzed, i.e. the correlation between the parameters was measured by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The analysis of the results revealed a number of statistically significant relations between the parameters under the investigation, especially among the compounds directly responsible for metabolism of iron and copper. A statistically important positive correlation was observed between ceruloplasmin and ferritin (r = 0.563; P≤0.05) and a negative one between transferrin and troponin (r = -0.609; P≤0.05). Moreover, the content of transferrin – an iron-binding protein – was 0.17 g/l, while the concentration of iron was 58 μmol/l. The content of ceruloplasmin – a protein responsible for metabolism of copper – was very low (0.036 g/l). The level of proteins in the blood plasma of the animals under the research was approximately 72 g/l, with the share of albumins about 46%. The albumin-globulin ratio was 0.86.

Impact of the breeding region and the season on the content of the selected mineral elements in the hair of cows

The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of the season and the breeding region on the content of selected minerals (Ca, Mg, Na and K) in the hair of dairy cows. The research material was made up of 114 polish Holstein-Friesians breed cows from three breeding centres in Poland: Kombinat Rolny Sp. z o. o. - Kietrz (the opolskie province), Hodowla Zarodowa Zwierząt Sp. z o.o. - Knyszyn (the podlaskie province) and Ośrodek Hodowli Zarodowej Sp. z o.o. - Osieciny (the kujawskopomorskie province). The cows were kept in freestanding cowsheds with den boxes. The animal nutrition involved the use of the TMR system, considering the division into nutrition groups. The hair was sampled in summer and in the period of winter and spring from the side of the body, right behind the coastal arch. Determination of Ca, Mg, Na and K was performed by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The study revealed seasonal variations in the content of mineral elements in the hair of dry cows and a region-dependent differentiation. The highest content of the quantity elements in question was found in the hair of the cows from Osieciny. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na and K in the hair of cows from Osieciny was statistically significantly higher than in the hair collected in winter from the animals from Knyszyn and Kietrz. The lowest values of the determined elements were noted in the hair of cows bred in Knyszyn. The investigation of the correlation between the amounts of the elements, based on an analysis of all samples of hair, revealed a positive correlation between Na and K cations, as well as between Mg and Ca cations.

Content of the calcium and phosphorus in the meat of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio BLOCH, 1783) from the Lake Gopło (Poland)

The aim of this work was to compare the concentration of calcium and phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the meat of Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) caught from the Lake Goplo. The study involved 14 individuals of fish caught in autumn (October, 26 2010). The muscles samples for analyses were taken from the whole body without the head and with the bones. Calcium concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer Solar 969, Unicam. Phosphorus concentration was analysed using colorimetric method, by spectrophotometer Lambda 25, Perkin- Elmer. Measurements were performed at the analytical wavelength 430 nm. Analyses indicated that calcium concentration in the meat of Prussian carp was 5.63 g·kg-1. The mean content of P in the meat was 2.38 g·kg-1. Ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the meat of Prussian carp was 2.37:1. As analysis of correlation indicated there was a negative and statistical significant correlation between calcium and phosphorus concentration in the meat and the body length and the body mass of analysed fish collected from the Lake Goplo.