Magnus Kaffarnik

Early diagnosis of sepsis-related hepatic dysfunction and its prognostic impact on survival: a prospective study with the LiMAx test

IntroductionLiver dysfunction can derive from severe sepsis and might be associated with poor prognosis. However, diagnosis of septic liver dysfunction is challenging due to a lack of appropriate tests. Measurement of maximal liver function capacity (LiMAx test) has been successfully evaluated as a new diagnostic test in liver resection and transplantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the LiMAx test during sepsis in comparison to biochemical tests and the indocyanin green test (ICG-PDR).MethodsWe prospectively investigated 28 patients (8 female and 20 male, age range 35 to 80xa0years) suffering from sepsis on a surgical ICU. All patients received routine resuscitation from septic shock (surgery, fluids, catecholamines, antibiotic drugs). The first LiMAx test and ICG-PDR were carried out within the first 24xa0hours after onset of septic symptoms, followed by day 2, 5 and 10. Other biochemical parameters and scores determining the severity of illness were measured daily. Clinical outcome parameters were examined after 90xa0days or at the end of treatment. The population was divided into 2 groups (group A: non-survivors or ICU length of stay (ICU-LOS) >30xa0days versus group B: survivors and ICU-LOS <30xa0days) for analysis.ResultsEpidemiological baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. Group A patients had significant lower LiMAx and ICG-PDR values than patients in group B. Determination of ICG-PDR by finger probe failed in 14.3% of tests due to insufficient peripheral pulses. Respiratory, renal and hepatic dysfunction (LiMAx and ICG-PDR) were associated with prolonged ICU-LOS. Only LiMAx <100xa0μg/kg/h and respiratory dysfunction were associated with increased mortality. For LiMAx <100xa0μg/kg/h receiver operating characteristic-analysis revealed a 100% sensitivity and 77% specificity for death.ConclusionsSepsis-related hepatic dysfunction can be diagnosed early and effectively by the LiMAx test. The extent of LiMAx impairment is predictive for patient morbidity and mortality. The sensitivity and specificity of the LiMAx test was superior to that of ICG-PDR regarding the prediction of mortality.

The use of bedside electromagnetically guided nasointestinal tube for jejunal feeding of critical ill surgical patients

BACKGROUNDnGastral nutrition in critically ill surgical patients can be difficult because of gastric paresis and a large number of patients fail to reach required caloric intake. Endoscopic or radiologic placement of nasointestinal tube is frequently performed with delay and may raise the risks for critical ill patients.nnnOBJECTIVEnBedside placement of electromagnetically guided nasointestinal tube (EGNT) may reduce the risk of x-ray exposure, time out of ward and caloric deficit.nnnMETHODSnAll patients in a surgical intensive care unit with need of post-pyloric feeding tube placement were identified. Data were collected from Cortrak-EGNT-System and x-ray. An analysis of placement success rate, time for tube positioning and delay of enteral feeding when EGNT failed were performed.nnnRESULTSn70 tubes were placed in 51 patients. After the first trial 79% were placed post-pyloric and 21% gastral. Successful postpyloric placement increased to 90% after the second trial. Placement failure occurred in 10% of all cases. In 3 patients jejunal placement was successful in modified anatomical situs after upper gastrointestinal surgery. After 20 min unsuccessful postpyloric placement, performance was stopped and declared as failure. X-ray findings correlated in 100% with Cortrak data. Time needed for placement varied from 1-20 min (mean 7.6 min).nnnCONCLUSIONSnBedside positioning of electromagnetically guided nasointestinal tube is safe and effective in critically ill surgical patients. Most placements succeed, even in patients after upper GI surgery. EGNT positioning is time saving and may enhance the caloric intake.

Catecholamine Dosing and Survival in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients

BackgroundVolume management and vasopressor support remain the gold standard of critical care for patients with shock. However, prolonged therapy with catecholamines in high doses is associated with a negative patient outcome. The aim of the present study was to analyze the administered levels of catecholamines over time with respect to survival, and to identify a cut-off to allow a prediction of survival.MethodsConsecutively, 9,108 adult patients during 22xa0months were evaluated. This group included 1,543 patients treated with epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with any dose at any time. Time and dosages of the applied drugs, the sequential organ failure assessment and acute and chronic health evalutation II scores on admission and daily, the length of intensive care unit stay, and the outcomes were recorded.ResultsThe non-survivors received higher doses of norepinephrine and epinephrine than the survivors (pxa0<xa00.001). The receiver operator characteristic curve for the area under the curve with non-survival as the classifier revealed a cut-off level of 294.33xa0μg/kg for norepinephrine with a sensitivity of 74.73xa0% and a specificity of 70.48xa0% and a cut-off for epinephrine of 70.36xa0μg/kg with a sensitivity of 83.87xa0% and a specificity of 72.79xa0%. Dose-dependent time curves using these cut-off values were calculated.ConclusionsSurvival of patients with prolonged therapy with norepinephrine and epinephrine above the evaluated thresholds is poor, whereas short-term application of high-dose catecholamines is not associated with poor outcome. Therefore, it remains for the individual clinician, patients, and their surrogates to decide whether the use of high doses of vasopressors is appropriate in view of the low probability of survival.

Linezolid in liver failure: exploring the value of the maximal liver function capacity (LiMAx) test in a pharmacokinetic pilot study

Patients in the intensive care unit frequently require antibiotic treatment. Liver impairment poses substantial challenges for dose selection in these patients. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the novel maximal liver function capacity (LiMAx test) in comparison with conventional liver function markers as covariates of drug clearance in liver failure using linezolid as a model drug. A total of 28 patients with different degrees of liver failure were recruited. LiMAx test as well as plasma, dialysate and urine sampling were performed under linezolid steady-state therapy (600u2009mg twice daily). NONMEM® was used for a pharmacometric analysis in which the different clearance routes of linezolid were elucidated. Linezolid pharmacokinetics was highly variable in patients with liver failure. The LiMAx score displayed the strongest association with non-renal clearance (CLnon-renal) [u2009=u20094.46∙(body weight/57.9) 0.75∙(LiMAx/221.5)0.388 L/h], which reduced interindividual variability in CLnon-renal from 46.6% to 33.6%, thereby being superior to other common markers of liver function (international normalised ratio, gamma-glutaryl transferase, bilirubin, thrombocytes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase). For LiMAxu2009<u2009100u2009µg/kg/h, 64% of linezolid trough concentrations were above the recommended trough concentration of 8u2009mg/L, indicating the necessity of therapeutic drug monitoring in these patients. This is the first pilot application of the LiMAx test in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study demonstrating its potential to explain PK variability in linezolid clearance. Further studies with a larger patient collective and further drugs are highly warranted to guide dosing in patients with severe liver impairment.

Leberresektionen – was ist perioperativ zu beachten?

Leberresektionen sind heute Standardoperationen bei malignen und benignen Tumoren. Mit der Entwicklung neuer Resektionstechniken und Anästhesieverfahren konnte die Komplikationsrate gesenkt werden. Es gibt aber weiterhin spezifische Komplikationen, auf die im perioperativen Management besonders geachtet werden muss. Dazu zählen die Beeinträchtigung der Gerinnung, Galleleckagen, der Ischämie-/Reperfusionsschaden und das Leberversagen. Präoperative Verfahren zur Einschätzung der Leberfunktion, wie z.B. der LiMAx-Test (Maximal Liver Function Capacity), und des sich daraus ergebenden möglichen Resektionsausmaßes gehören heute zur Routinediagnostik. Sie werden auch postoperativ zum Monitoring der Restleberfunktion eingesetzt. Mit diesen Verfahren können Hochrisikopatienten bereits im Vorfeld erkannt und mögliche Komplikationen durch eine Risikostratifizierung minimiert werden. Die postoperative Therapie ist ein weiterer wichtiger Baustein der Leberchirurgie. Ein differenziertes perioperatives Volumen-, Schmerz- und Antikoagulationsmanagement ist mitentscheidend für das therapeutische Ergebnis. Hinzu kommt ein früher enteraler Kostaufbau unter Berücksichtigung etablierter Standards der perioperativen Ernährung. Damit kann das Auftreten pulmonaler und infektiologischer Komplikationen bis hin zur Sepsis vermindert werden.

Correlation between plasma endothelin-1 levels and severity of septic liver failure quantified by maximal liver function capacity (LiMAx test). A prospective study

Aim To investigate the relationship between the degree of liver dysfunction, quantified by maximal liver function capacity (LiMAx test) and endothelin-1, TNF-α and IL-6 in septic surgical patients. Methods 28 septic patients (8 female, 20 male, age range 35–80y) were prospectively investigated on a surgical intensive care unit. Liver function, defined by LiMAx test, and measurements of plasma levels of endothelin-1, TNF-α and IL-6 were carried out within the first 24 hours after onset of septic symptoms, followed by day 2, 5 and 10. Patients were divided into 2 groups (group A: LiMAx ≥100 μg/kg/h, moderate liver dysfunction; group B: LiMAx <100 μg/kg/h, severe liver dysfunction) for analysis and investigated regarding the correlation between endothelin-1 and the severity of liver failure, quantified by LiMAx test. Results Group B showed significant higher results for endothelin-1 than patients in group A (P = 0.01, d5; 0.02, d10). For TNF-α, group B revealed higher results than group A, with a significant difference on day 10 (P = 0.005). IL-6 showed a non-significant trend to higher results in group B. The Spearmans rank correlation coefficient revealed a significant correlation between LiMAx and endothelin-1 (-0.434; P <0.001), TNF-α (-0.515; P <0.001) and IL-6 (-0.590; P <0.001). Conclusions Sepsis-related hepatic dysfunction is associated with elevated plasma levels of endothelin-1, TNF-α and IL-6. Low LiMAx results combined with increased endothelin-1 and TNF-α and a favourable correlation between LiMAx and cytokine values support the findings of a crucial role of Endothelin-1 and TNF-α in development of septic liver failure.

Multiresistente gramnegative Bakterien: Klinischer Managementpfad für Patienten mit elektiven Eingriffen in der Viszeralchirurgie

ZusammenfassungHintergrundFür die Therapie von Infektionen mit multiresistenten gramnegativen Bakterien (MRGN) stehen nur wenige Antibiotika zur Verfügung. Dem Management von Patienten mit MRGN-Kolonisation bzw. -Infektion kommt daher eine herausragende Bedeutung bezüglich postoperativer Morbidität und Mortalität zu.ZielsetzungBeschreibung eines Managementpfades für Patienten mit MRGN-Besiedelung.ErgebnisseDie Prävalenz der MRGN-Besiedelung nimmt vor allem bei Personen mit Kontakt zum Gesundheitssystem in Endemieregionen zu. Das Robert-Koch-Institut fordert ein verpflichtendes MRGN-Screening und die Isolierung von Patienten mit geographischem oder kontaktbedingtem Expositionsrisiko für die Kolonisation mit 4MRGN (Carbapenemase-Bildnern). Für Patienten mit elektiven viszeralen Eingriffen ist ein rechtzeitiges sensitives Screening vor der stationären Aufnahme sinnvoll. Strikte Basishygiene ist essenziell zur Übertragungsprävention. Einzelisolierung ist für Patienten mit 4MRGN angezeigt, in Risikobereichen auch für Patienten mit 3MRGN. Risikopatienten mit unbekanntem Status werden präemptiv isoliert. Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe ist als Einzeldosis zu applizieren, bei MRGN-Kolonisation ggf. mit MRGN-wirksamen Substanzen. Zur Therapie der sekundären/tertiären Peritonitis mit dem Risiko einer MRGN-Beteiligung und bei hämodynamisch instabilen Patienten sollten primär ESBL-wirksame Substanzen (Tigecyclin, Carbapeneme, Ceftolozan-Tazobactam, Ceftazidim-Avibactam) zum Einsatz kommen. Ceftazidim-Avibactam ist auch bei Infektionen mit Carbapenemase-bildenden Enterobakterien eine neue Therapieoption.FazitDie strukturierte Implementation des MRGN-Screenings bei Risikopatienten, strikte Basishygiene, gezielte Isolation und adäquate kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie sind essenzielle Maßnahmen im Management der MRGN-Problematik in der Viszeralchirurgie.AbstractBackgroundOnly a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveThis article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization.ResultsThe prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria.ConclusionThe structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery.

Multiresistente gramnegative Bakterien

BACKGROUNDnOnly a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality.nnnOBJECTIVEnThis article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization.nnnRESULTSnThe prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery.ZusammenfassungHintergrundFür die Therapie von Infektionen mit multiresistenten gramnegativen Bakterien (MRGN) stehen nur wenige Antibiotika zur Verfügung. Dem Management von Patienten mit MRGN-Kolonisation bzw. -Infektion kommt daher eine herausragende Bedeutung bezüglich postoperativer Morbidität und Mortalität zu.ZielsetzungBeschreibung eines Managementpfades für Patienten mit MRGN-Besiedelung.ErgebnisseDie Prävalenz der MRGN-Besiedelung nimmt vor allem bei Personen mit Kontakt zum Gesundheitssystem in Endemieregionen zu. Das Robert-Koch-Institut fordert ein verpflichtendes MRGN-Screening und die Isolierung von Patienten mit geographischem oder kontaktbedingtem Expositionsrisiko für die Kolonisation mit 4MRGN (Carbapenemase-Bildnern). Für Patienten mit elektiven viszeralen Eingriffen ist ein rechtzeitiges sensitives Screening vor der stationären Aufnahme sinnvoll. Strikte Basishygiene ist essenziell zur Übertragungsprävention. Einzelisolierung ist für Patienten mit 4MRGN angezeigt, in Risikobereichen auch für Patienten mit 3MRGN. Risikopatienten mit unbekanntem Status werden präemptiv isoliert. Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe ist als Einzeldosis zu applizieren, bei MRGN-Kolonisation ggf. mit MRGN-wirksamen Substanzen. Zur Therapie der sekundären/tertiären Peritonitis mit dem Risiko einer MRGN-Beteiligung und bei hämodynamisch instabilen Patienten sollten primär ESBL-wirksame Substanzen (Tigecyclin, Carbapeneme, Ceftolozan-Tazobactam, Ceftazidim-Avibactam) zum Einsatz kommen. Ceftazidim-Avibactam ist auch bei Infektionen mit Carbapenemase-bildenden Enterobakterien eine neue Therapieoption.FazitDie strukturierte Implementation des MRGN-Screenings bei Risikopatienten, strikte Basishygiene, gezielte Isolation und adäquate kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie sind essenzielle Maßnahmen im Management der MRGN-Problematik in der Viszeralchirurgie.AbstractBackgroundOnly a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveThis article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization.ResultsThe prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria.ConclusionThe structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery.

Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen: Epidemiologie, Klinik, Therapieoptionen und Prävention

Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are common causes of diarrhoea in hospitalised medical and surgical patients. Clinical presentation ranges from mild diarrhoea to pseudomembraneous enterocolitis of the colon and sometimes the small intestines, with development of a toxic megacolon. Recurrent infections are common. Early diagnosis is necessary because of high rates of complications and mortality. Knowledge of risk factors for the development of CDI is recommended. Early initiation of therapy is recommended to avoid complications and standard therapy is antibiotics, while therapy with monoclonal antibodies and vaccination is under research and development. Fulminant septic courses indicate surgical source control. Minimally invasive surgical therapy establishing a loop ileostomy and antibiotic installation via enema has to be considered as early surgical intervention. Fecal microbiotic transplantation is a new therapeutic option for recurrent infection. Provisions for prevention and control have to be established to avoid in-hospital spread of pathogenic agents. This includes isolation of patients, personalisation of instruments, restriction of in-hospital transports, protective clothing and gloves, strict hand washing and antibiotic stewardship (ABS).

[Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria : Clinical management pathway for patients undergoing elective interventions in visceral surgery].

BACKGROUNDnOnly a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality.nnnOBJECTIVEnThis article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization.nnnRESULTSnThe prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria.nnnCONCLUSIONnThe structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery.ZusammenfassungHintergrundFür die Therapie von Infektionen mit multiresistenten gramnegativen Bakterien (MRGN) stehen nur wenige Antibiotika zur Verfügung. Dem Management von Patienten mit MRGN-Kolonisation bzw. -Infektion kommt daher eine herausragende Bedeutung bezüglich postoperativer Morbidität und Mortalität zu.ZielsetzungBeschreibung eines Managementpfades für Patienten mit MRGN-Besiedelung.ErgebnisseDie Prävalenz der MRGN-Besiedelung nimmt vor allem bei Personen mit Kontakt zum Gesundheitssystem in Endemieregionen zu. Das Robert-Koch-Institut fordert ein verpflichtendes MRGN-Screening und die Isolierung von Patienten mit geographischem oder kontaktbedingtem Expositionsrisiko für die Kolonisation mit 4MRGN (Carbapenemase-Bildnern). Für Patienten mit elektiven viszeralen Eingriffen ist ein rechtzeitiges sensitives Screening vor der stationären Aufnahme sinnvoll. Strikte Basishygiene ist essenziell zur Übertragungsprävention. Einzelisolierung ist für Patienten mit 4MRGN angezeigt, in Risikobereichen auch für Patienten mit 3MRGN. Risikopatienten mit unbekanntem Status werden präemptiv isoliert. Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe ist als Einzeldosis zu applizieren, bei MRGN-Kolonisation ggf. mit MRGN-wirksamen Substanzen. Zur Therapie der sekundären/tertiären Peritonitis mit dem Risiko einer MRGN-Beteiligung und bei hämodynamisch instabilen Patienten sollten primär ESBL-wirksame Substanzen (Tigecyclin, Carbapeneme, Ceftolozan-Tazobactam, Ceftazidim-Avibactam) zum Einsatz kommen. Ceftazidim-Avibactam ist auch bei Infektionen mit Carbapenemase-bildenden Enterobakterien eine neue Therapieoption.FazitDie strukturierte Implementation des MRGN-Screenings bei Risikopatienten, strikte Basishygiene, gezielte Isolation und adäquate kalkulierte Antibiotikatherapie sind essenzielle Maßnahmen im Management der MRGN-Problematik in der Viszeralchirurgie.AbstractBackgroundOnly a few antibiotics are available for treatment of infections with multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria (MRGN). The management of patients with MRGN colonization or infection is therefore of great importance with respect to postoperative morbidity and mortality.ObjectiveThis article presents a description of the management pathway for patients with MRGN colonization.ResultsThe prevalence of MRGN colonization is increasing, particularly for persons with contact to the healthcare system in endemic regions. The Robert Koch Institute demands an obligatory MRGN screening and isolation of patients with geographic or contact-related exposure risk for colonization with 4MRGN (carbapenemase producers). For patients with elective visceral interventions a prompt sensitive screening before inpatient admission is wise. Strict basic hygiene measures are essential to prevent transmission. Isolation is indicated for patients with 4MRGN and also for patients with 3MRGN in risk areas. Risk patients with unknown status are preemptively isolated. Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered as a single dose and in cases of MRGN colonization substances effective against MRGN should be given if necessary. For treatment of secondary/tertiary peritonitis with a risk of MRGN involvement and in hemodynamically instable patients, effective extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) substances should primarily be used (e.g. tigecycline, carbapenems, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidim/avibactam). Ceftazidim/avibactam is also a novel therapy option for infections with carbapenamase-producing enterobacteria.ConclusionThe structured implementation of MRGN screening in patients at risk, stringent basic hygiene, targeted isolation and adequate calculated antibiotic therapy are essential measures in the management of the problem of MRGN in visceral surgery.