Makoto Morishima

Platinum–Phosphorus Nanoparticles on Carbon Supports for Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts

Highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles on carbon supports were synthesized by electrochemical reducing platinum ions in an aqueous solution containing hypophosphite H3PO2 . Adding H3PO2 during the synthesis of the catalyst was effective for reducing platinum particle size, and the platinum particles with a mean size of 2.0–2.3 nm were obtained at a high platinum loading amount of over 50 wt %. The oxygen-reduction activity of the catalysts that added H3PO2 was higher than that of the catalyst that did not add H3PO2, which was due to the large surface area of the platinum in the former catalyst. According to the results of scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the phosphorus in the catalysts bonded with the surface of platinum particles as an oxide. The growth suppression of platinum particles was therefore attributed to the existence of a phosphorus oxide on the surface of platinum particles. But, adding H3PO2 excessively reduced the platinum surface area.

Microstructure of Platinum-Carbon Agglomerates with Hydrocarbon-Based Binder and Its Effect on the Cathode Performance of PEFC

The relationship between the microstructure of platinum-carbon (Pt/C) agglomerates and cathode performance was investigated for membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) with a hydrocarbon-based (HC) binder and a poly (perfluorosulfonic acid) (PFSA) binder. The MEA with an HC binder exhibited a higher gas diffusion resistance than that with the PFSA binder. SEM, TEM, and pore size distribution measurements showed that the HC binder was likely to cover a larger area of the carbon support surface compared with the PFSA binder, and that a large amount of the HC binder easily penetrated the primary pores inside the Pt/C agglomerates, which decreased the volume of the pores. It seems probable that the HC binder in the primary pores blocked the oxygen diffusion to the cathode catalyst. Based on the above consideration, we focused on increasing the primary pore volume. Consequently, the volume was doubled and the gas diffusion resistance at 0.25 A/cm 2 was successfully reduced from 1600 to 410 mΩ·cm 2 .

Effect of Surface Composition of Platinum-Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Methanol Oxidation Activity

Platinum-ruthenium (PtRu) nanoparticles on carbon supports were synthesized by electroless plating. Methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activity of the PtRu nanoparticles was investigated focusing on their bulk and surface compositions. It was demonstrated that the MOR activity did not correlate with the bulk composition but with the surface composition. In the case of PtRu nanoparticles, the maximum MOR activity was observed at a surface composition of around Pt50Ru50 (at. %). Introduction PtRu nanoparticles on carbon supports are widely used as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells due to its higher MOR activity relative to a Pt catalyst. Since the MOR occurs on the surface of the catalyst, it is essential to optimize the surface composition of the PtRu catalyst. The correlation between the MOR activity and the surface composition has been reported using PtRu bulk-plate as a model catalyst [1-3]. In this report, the correlation was investigated using PtRu nanoparticles. Experimental The PtRu nanoparticles on carbon supports were synthesized by electroless plating [4]. The bulk and surface compositons of the PtRu nanoparticles were evaluated with an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer and a copper under potential deposition/copper stripping technique [3], respectively. The crystallographic structure of the PtRu nanoparticles was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The MOR activity of the PtRu nanoparticles was measured by linear sweep voltammetry using a rotating disk electrode in a 0.5 mol/l aqueous solution containing a 1.0 mol/l methanol at 308 K. Results and Discussions The lattice constant of the PtRu nanoparticles decreased with the increase of the bulk Ru composition (Fig. 1). The lattice constant was consistent with the value of the PtRu bulk-alloy, indicating the PtRu nanoparticles formed the solid-solution alloy. The correlation between the bulk and surface compositions of the PtRu nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 2. It is clear that the bulk composition was not the same as the surface one. Moreover, it was found that the MOR activity of the PtRu nanoparticles strongly depends on the surface composition as demonstrated in Fig. 3. The maximum MOR activity was observed at a surface composition of around Pt50Ru50. In the case of the bulk- plate PtRu catalysts, the highest MOR activity was observed with the surface composition of Pt80Ru20 to Pt60Ru40 [1-3]. The mobility of chemisorbed CO is reported to be lower on the PtRu nanoparticles than on the PtRu bulk-plate [5-6], which required the higher Ru surface composition in the PtRu nanoparticles to oxidize methanol smoothly. References [1] H.A. Gasteiger, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1795 (1994) [2] T. Iwasita, et al., Langmuir, 16, 522 (2000) [3] C.L. Green, et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 11446 (2002) [4] S. Suzuki, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, B27 (2009) [5] F. Maillard, et al., Faraday Discuss., 125, 357 (2004) [6] P.K. Babu, et al., Electrochimica Acta, 53, 6672 (2008) Figure 2. Bulk and surface Ru compositions of PtRu nanoparticles. Figure 3. Correlation of MOR activity (0.5 V vs. RHE) of PtRu nanoparticles with surface Ru composition. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Su rf ac e R u co m po sit io n / at . % Bulk Ru composition / at. % 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 M et ha no l o xi da tio n cu rr en t / μ A cm -2 -P tR u Surface Ru composition / at. % 0.382 0.384 0.386 0.388 0.390 0.392 0.394 0 20 40 60 80 100 La tti ce co ns ta nt / n m Bulk Ru composition / at. % Abstract #875, 218th ECS Meeting,

High performance photo-sensitive insulating materials for high density multi-layer wiring boards

The photo-via build-up process is a most significant candidate for fabrication of high density multi-layer wiring boards for high density packaging using CSP and flip-chip direct attach. We have developed a new type of photo-sensitive dielectric. The dielectric delivers high resolution in fabrication of photoformed microvia holes with an aspect ratio of 1.0. The photo-sensitive dielectric showed excellent electrical and mechanical properties for surface mounted wiring boards. It also shows outstanding mechanical properties, especially in the high temperature region. Excellent insulating properties and adhesion were proven, even after pressure cooker test (PCT) conditions. These features offer a great advantage in achieving higher interconnect reliability in direct-chip attachment on low cost multichip modules using sequential build-up substrates.

Effect of Pore Size Distribution on Cathode Performance of Membrane-Electrode Assembly with a Hydrocarbon-Based Binder

The relationship between pore size distribution and cathode performance was investigated for membrane-electrode-assemblies (MEAs) with a hydrocarbon-based (HC) binder and a poly (perfluorosulfonic acids) (PFSA) binder. The MEA with an HC binder exhibited a higher gas diffusion resistance than that with the PFSA binder. The pore size distribution measurement revealed that the HC binder was likely to cover a larger area of the carbon support surface compared with a PFSA binder, and that a large amount of the HC binder easily penetrated the primary pores inside Pt/C agglomerates, which decreased the volume of the pores. Conceivably, the HC binder in primary pores blocked the oxygen diffusion to the cathode catalyst. Based on the above consideration, we focused on increasing the primary pore volume. Consequently, the volume was doubled, and therefore, the gas diffusion resistance at 0.25 A cm-2 was successfully reduced from 1600 to 410 mΩ cm2.