Malay Bikas Chowdhuri

Spectroscopic comparison between 1200 grooves/mm ruled and holographic gratings of a flat-field spectrometer and its absolute sensitivity calibration using bremsstrahlung continuum

A flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer with a varied line spacing groove grating (1200 grooves/mm at grating center) has been developed to study the emission spectra from highly ionized medium Z impurities in large helical device (LHD). It covers a wavelength range of 50-500 A using a mechanically ruled grating, which was later replaced by a newly developed laminar-type holographic grating for comparative studies. Differences in spectral resolution, intensities of higher order spectra, and sensitivities of the spectrometer were studied between the two gratings by observing the emission spectra of LHD plasmas. Although the achieved resolution was alike between them, i.e., deltalambda approximately 0.24 A at 200 A, the holographic grating was much superior in suppressing the higher order light than the ruled grating. The relative sensitivity between the two gratings was evaluated using continuum radiation from LHD plasmas. As a result, it was found that the holographic grating has a flat response in the full wavelength range, but the sensitivity of the ruled grating drops sharply below 200 A. A new technique for the absolute calibration of the EUV holographic grating spectrometer was tried by combining the continuum radiation with a branching ratio of C IV lines (3p-3s: 5800 A/3p-2s: 312 A), and an accurate absolute sensitivity has been successfully obtained.

Characteristics of an absolutely calibrated flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer in the 10-130 Å range for fusion plasma diagnostics

A flat-field extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectrometer with a nominal 2400 grooves/mm aberration-corrected ruled grating has been developed to analyze the emission spectrum in the wavelength range of 10 to 130 A from large helical device (LHD) plasmas. Spectral properties such as resolution, sensitivity, contribution of higher-order light, and background stray light have been studied using emission spectra mainly from intrinsic impurities, e.g., C and Fe. It is found that the spectrometer well resolves closely existing spectral lines of highly ionized medium- and high-Z impurities even in a very short wavelength range such as 10 to 20 A. As a result, it allows one to study the charge state distribution of elements in high-temperature fusion plasma. The ruled grating was then replaced by a laminar type holographic grating for the comparative study. The spectral resolution for the ruled grating (Dlambda approximately 0.08 A at 33.73 A) is clearly better than the holographic grating (Dlambda approximately 0.13 A at 33.73 A). Both gratings well suppress the higher-order light, e.g., the second-order light is only less than 11% of the first-order light for C vi(33.73 A). Relative sensitivity calibration with the wavelength has been done using bremsstrahlung continuum from the LHD plasmas. Absolute intensity calibration has been done by comparing the spectral intensities directly with the absolutely calibrated 1200 grooves/mm EUV spectrometer in the overlapping range of 90-120 A due to the absence of a good branching pair in 10-130 A. As a typical result on the present spectrometer well-resolved n=2-3 full transition arrays from Ne- to Li-like ions are measured for Fe and Ti and wavelengths of the spectral array are tabulated for each charge state. Spectroscopic comparison is also made between the 1200 grooves/mm and 2400 grooves/mm gratings in a range of 50-130 A.

Experimental study of impurity screening in the edge ergodic layer of the Large Helical Device using carbon emissions of CIII to CVI

Four resonance transitions of CIII (977.03 A:2s2 S10-2s2p P11), CIV (1550 A:2s S2-2p P2), CV (40.27 A:1s2 S10-1s2p P11), and CVI (33.73 A:1s S2-2p P2) have been observed in vacuum ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet regions to study the edge carbon impurity transport in the Large Helical Device ergodic layer. Here, CIII and CIV indicate the carbon influx at the outside boundary of the ergodic layer and CV and CVI indicate the ions in higher ionization stages, which have already experienced the transport in the ergodic layer. The intensity ratio of CV+CVI to CIII+CIV, therefore, represents the degree of impurity screening, which has been analyzed with different edge plasma parameters and ergodic magnetic field structures. The ratio decreases by two orders of magnitude with an increase in electron density ne in the range of 1–8×1019 m−3. The CV and CVI emissions tend to decrease with ne, whereas the CIII and CIV emissions monotonically increase with ne. The result suggests an enhancement of the impurity scr...

Zeff profile measurement system with an optimized Czerny–Turner visible spectrometer in large helical devicea)

Z(eff) measurement system using a visible spectrometer has been newly designed and constructed instead of an old interference filter system to eliminate line emissions from the signal and to measure the Z(eff) value in low-density plasmas. The system consists of the Czerny-Turner-type spectrometer with a charge-coupled device camera and 44 optical fibers vertical array. The spectrometer is equipped with an additional toroidal mirror for further reduction in the astigmatism in addition to a flat and two spherical mirrors and three gratings (110, 120, and 1200 grooves/mm) with 30 cm focal length. The images from 44 optical fibers can be detected without astigmatism in a wavelength range of 200-900 nm. Combination of the optical fiber (core diameter: 100 microm) with the lens (focal length: 30 mm) provides spatial resolution of 30 mm at the plasma center. Results clearly indicate a very good focus image of the fiber and suggest the absence of the cross-talk between adjacent fiber images. Absolute intensity calibration has been done using a standard tungsten lamp to analyze the Z(eff) value. The bremsstrahlung profile and resultant Z(eff) profile have been obtained after Abel inversion of the signals observed in large helical device plasmas with elliptical poloidal cross section.

Characterization of helium discharge cleaning plasmas in ADITYA tokamak using collisional-radiative model code

The wall conditioning of the ADITYA tokamak is usually done, by first producing an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma inside the vessel and then superimposing a pulsed ohmic discharge on the ECR background. Sometimes, helium gas is used as a working gas. In this article, the spectral line emissions of neutral helium for the two different plasmas—namely, the ECR and the pulsed discharge cleaning (PDC) plasmas—have been analyzed using a collisional-radiative (CR)-model code to estimate the electron density and temperature. We are able to match the experimentally obtained relative intensity ratios with those predicted by the model under the assumption of ionizing plasma condition if the possible effects of the metastable states are not ignored. This has been done by using the populations of two metastable levels (2S1 and 2S3) as independent parameters in addition to the ground states of neutrals and ions in the CR model under a quasisteady-state approximation. It is further seen that, it is the metast...

Spectroscopic evaluation of three different gratings used for a flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer to monitor Δn=1 transitions from medium-Z impurities in 10–30Åa)

Spectral characteristics of varied line spacing 2400 grooves/mm gratings used for a flat-field extreme ultraviolet spectrometer have been evaluated to monitor Delta n=1 (n=2-3) transitions from medium-Z impurities in 10-30 A, where many spectral lines from metallic impurities closely exist. For this purpose emission spectra of the Delta n=1 transitions from partially L-shell-ionized Ti and Fe have been measured in large helical device. At first, a ruled and a holographic grating were utilized for the comparative study. Both gratings suppressed higher order light effectively but spectral sensitivity was much higher for the holographic grating. The ruled grating, however, attained better spectral resolution (0.083 A at 18.97 A) in the 10-100 A range compared to that (0.130 A) of the holographic grating. After that a recently developed new holographic grating with different laminar shapes and line spacings has attempted to improve the spectral resolution. As a result, it has considerably improved the spectral resolution in the 10-30 A range, i.e., approximately 0.090 A. However, it is found that the experimentally obtained spectral resolution is quit poor compared to the computationally simulated one, suggesting a technical difficulty in manufacturing exactly the varied line spacing of the holographic grating at such a short wavelength range.

Space- and time-resolved visible-emission spectroscopy of Aditya-tokamak discharges using multi-track spectrometer

A diagnostic system based on a multi-fiber input high resolution spectrograph has been set up on the Aditya tokamak (Bhatt et al 1989 Ind. J. Pure Appl. Phys. 27 710) for utilizing the passive light emission to measure different kinds of plasma flow and to identify the location of emissions of hydrogen and impurities along with their temperatures. Eight simultaneous vertically collimated lines-of-sight from a top port view a poloidal cross-section of the plasma. This arrangement simplifies the analysis of spectra in terms of making the Zeeman splitting easier to account for, since each chord passes through a region of nearly constant toroidal magnetic field (BT). This paper describes the complete set-up, the wavelength and intensity calibrations performed and the initial results including the impurity emissivity profiles and simultaneous flow measurements in the inboard and outboard regions of the Aditya tokamak.

Investigation of oxygen impurity transport using the O4+ visible spectral line in the Aditya tokamak

Intense visible lines from Be-like oxygen impurity are routinely observed in the Aditya tokamak. The spatial profile of brightness of a Be-like oxygen spectral line (2p3p 3D3?2p3d 3F4) at 650.024?nm is used to investigate oxygen impurity transport in typical discharges of the Aditya tokamak. A 1.0?m multi-track spectrometer (Czerny?Turner) capable of simultaneous measurements from eight lines of sight is used to obtain the radial profile of brightness of O4+ spectral emission. The emissivity profile of O4+ spectral emission is obtained from the spatial profile of brightness using an Abel-like matrix inversion. The oxygen transport coefficients are determined by reproducing the experimentally measured emissivity profiles of O4+, using a one-dimensional empirical impurity transport code, STRAHL. Much higher values of the diffusion coefficient compared with the neo-classical values are observed in both the high magnetic field edge region and the low magnetic field edge region of typical Aditya ohmic plasmas, which seems to be due to fluctuation-induced transport. The diffusion coefficient at the limiter radius in the low-field (outboard) region is typically ? twice as high as that at the limiter radius in the high-field (inboard) region.

Development of large volume double ring penning plasma discharge source for efficient light emissions

In this paper, the development of large volume double ring Penning plasma discharge source for efficient light emissions is reported. The developed Penning discharge source consists of two cylindrical end cathodes of stainless steel having radius 6 cm and a gap 5.5 cm between them, which are fitted in the top and bottom flanges of the vacuum chamber. Two stainless steel anode rings with thickness 0.4 cm and inner diameters 6.45 cm having separation 2 cm are kept at the discharge centre. Neodymium (Nd(2)Fe(14)B) permanent magnets are physically inserted behind the cathodes for producing nearly uniform magnetic field of ~0.1 T at the center. Experiments and simulations have been performed for single and double anode ring configurations using helium gas discharge, which infer that double ring configuration gives better light emissions in the large volume Penning plasma discharge arrangement. The optical emission spectroscopy measurements are used to complement the observations. The spectral line-ratio technique is utilized to determine the electron plasma density. The estimated electron plasma density in double ring plasma configuration is ~2 × 10(11) cm(-3), which is around one order of magnitude larger than that of single ring arrangement.

Edge and Core Impurity Transport Study with Spectroscopic Instruments in LHD

Impurity transport was investigated at both edge and core regions in large helical device (LHD) with developed spectroscopic instruments which can measure one- and two-dimensional distributions of impurities. The edge impurity behavior was studied recently using four carbon resonant transitions in different ionization stages of CIII (977?), CIV (1548?), CV (40.3?) and CVI (33.7?). When the line-averaged electron density, ne, is increased from 1 to 6 ? 1013 cm?3, the ratio of (CIII+CIV)/ne increases while the ratio of (CV+CVI)/ne decreases. Here, CIII+CIV (CV+CVI) expresses the sum of CIII (CV) and CIV (CVI) intensities. The CIII+CIV indicates the carbon influx and the CV+CVI indicates the emissions through the transport in the ergodic layer. The result thus gives experimental evidence on the impurity screening by the ergodic layer in LHD, which is also supported by a three-dimensional edge particle simulation. The core impurity behavior is also studied in high-density discharges (ne ? 1? 1015 cm?3) with multi H2-pellets injection. It is found that the ratio of V/D (V: convection velocity, D: diffusion coefficient) decreases after pellet injection and Zeff profile shows a flat one at values of 1.1?1.2. These results confirm no impurity accumulation occurs in high-density discharges. As a result, the iron density, nFe, is analyzed to be 6 ? 10?7 ( = nFe/ne) of which the amount can be negligible as radiation source even in such high-density discharges. One- and two-dimensional impurity distributions from space-resolved VUV and EUV spectrometers newly developed for further impurity transport study are also presented with their preliminary results.