Malcolm McIntosh

Perspectives on corporate citizenship

Foreword Professor Dr Andre Habisch, Catholic University of Eichstaett and Managing Director, Center for Corporate Citizenship Introduction Jorg Andriof, Corporate Citizenship Unit, Warwick Business School, UK Part I: Evolution, context and concepts of corporate citizenship 1. Integrity and mindfulness: Foundations of corporate citizenship Sandra Waddock, Boston College, Carroll School of Management, USA 2. Corporate citizenship: Evolution and interpretation Duane Windsor, Rice University, USA 3. Corporate citizenship: Rethinking business beyond corporate social responsibility David Birch, Corporate Citizenship Research Unit, Deakin University, Australia 4. Global corporate citizenship in a dot.com world: The role of organisational identity James E. Post and Shawn L. Berman, Boston University, USA 5. Theorising business citizenship Donna J. Wood, University of Pittsburgh, USA, and Jeanne M. Logsdon, University of New Mexico, USA 6. Business citizenship outside and inside organisations: An emergent synthesis of corporate responsibility and employee citizenship Diane Swanson and Brian P. Niehoff, Kansas State University, USA Part II: Governance and leadership of corporate citizens 7. Corporate citizenship as an ethic of care: Corporate values, codes of ethics and global governance Michel Dion, Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada 8. The moral leader: Essential for successful corporate citizenship Archie B. Carroll, University of Georgia, USA 9. How Australias top 500 companies are becoming corporate citizens Mark Glazebrook, Corporate Citizenship Research Unit, Deakin University, Australia 10. When multinational corporations act as governments: The Mobil corporation experience Alejo Jose G. Sison, Institute for Enterprise and Humanism, University of Navarre, Spain 11. The worlds business: The United Nations and the globalisation of corporate citizenship Jonathan Cohen, United Nations Association of the USA Part 3: Stakeholder engagement and social accountability 12. Partnership alchemy: Engagement, innovation and governance Simon Zadek, Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility, UK 13. Patterns of stakeholder partnership building Jorg Andriof, Corporate Citizenship Unit, Warwick Business School, UK 14. A comparative study of stakeholder engagement approaches in social auditing Simon S. Gao, Napier University Business School, UK, and Jane J. Zhang, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK 15. Corporate citizenship: What gets recorded? What gets rewarded? Kimberly S. Davenport, BellSouth Corporation, USA, and Patsy Lewellyn, University of South Carolina Aiken, USA 16. Processes in social and ethical accountability: external reporting mechanisms Leigh Holland, De Montfort University, UK, and Jane Gibbon, Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria, UK Bibliography

The United Nations Global Compact: Retrospect and Prospect

This article reviews the interdisciplinary literature on the UN Global Compact. The review identifies three research perspectives, which scholars have used to study the UN Global Compact so far: a historical perspective discussing the Global Compact in the context of UN-business relations, an operational perspective discussing the composition and impact of its participants, as well as a governance perspective discussing the constraints and opportunities of the initiative as an institutionalized arena for addressing global governance gaps. The authors contrast these three perspectives and identify key empirical as well as conceptual scholarly contributions. The remainder of this article contains focused summaries of the articles selected for this Special Issue. All articles are introduced and evaluated against the background of the three research perspectives.

Corporate Citizenship in Africa: Lessons from the Past; Paths to the Future

This paper provides a brief analysis of corporate citizenship research focused on Africa over the past 10 years. The paper reviews journal articles published in the key corporate citizenship journals over the period 1995 to 2005, and reaches several conclusions: 1) the volume of published research is still extremely low; 2) most papers focus on business ethics; and 3) most papers focus on South Africa. Hence, there is great scope for expanding the amount of research on corporate citizenship in Africa, as well as improving the diversity of its content and its geographic coverage.Oil production has been a major source of export revenues for many African countries, and yet has played a questionable role in the development of sub-Saharan Africa. Multinational companies in the oil sector have had established operations in the continent for several decades, despite many operational difficulties. In some countries, they endured an institutional environment that was not particularly attractive to business, such as civil wars, famine, lack of safety, disease and widespread corruption. On the other hand, once they were established, they could operate with limited government regulation or social control from civil society, especially with respect to environmental and social standards. Allegations of bribery, environmental degradation, social conflict and lack of integration with the local economy have historically plagued the behaviour of corporations in Africa (Bayart et al. 1999). Recently, however, there appears to be some positive movement towards responsible management of African oil revenues that is gaining attention (Katz et al. 2004). How companies and governments leverage these opportunity costs is particularly important to understand in the context of African development.

Learning to talk : corporate citizenship and the development of the UN Global Compact

Foreword Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations Introduction Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator, Sandra Waddock, Boston College, USA, and Georg Kell, UN Global Compact Part 1: The origins and development of the UN Global Compact 1. An Appeal To World Business: 31 January 1999 Kofi Annan, Secretary-General, United Nations 2. The theory and practice of learning networks John Ruggie, Harvard University, USA 3. The Global Compact Network: an historic experiment in learning and action Georg Kell, UN Global Compact, and David Levin, University of Pennsylvania, USA Part 2: The Global Compact and human rights 4. De-compacting the Global Compact Tom Donaldson, Wharton School, Philadelphia, USA 5. Business and human rights Klaus Leisinger, Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development and University of Basel, Switzerland 6. Operationalising the Global Compact with a focus on the human rights principles: learning to walk the talk Erroll Mendes, University of Ottawa, Canada 7. Institutionalising global standards of responsible corporate citizenship: assessing the role of the UN Global Compact Mara I. Hernandez, Massachussets Institute of Technology, USA Part 3: The evolution of the UN and the UN Global Compact: critical perspectives 8. Growing big, learning that small is beautiful Cornis de Lugt, United Nations Environment Programme, France 9. Flags of inconvenience? The Global Compact and the future of the United Nations Jem Bendell, Nottingham University Business School, UK 10. Labour and the Global Compact: the early days Jim Baker, International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 11. The UN Global Compact: a triple-win partnership Michael Hougard Pedersen, Novozymes, Denmark Part 4: Action and learning 12. Reflections on the Global Compact Chris Tuppen, British Telecommunications, UK 13. Learning from company engagement with the Global Compact: the First Global Compact Learning Forum, Denham, UK, November 2001 Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator, and Ruth Thomas, Sustainability Researcher 14. Learning from experience: the United Nations Global Compact Learning Forum 2002 Sandra Waddock, Boston College, USA 15. Learners and leaders: evolving the Global Compact in North America Sandra Waddock, Boston College, USA 16. Pfizer: a New Mission in Action Nancy Nielsen, Pfizer Inc. USA 17. Learning from doing: The Third International Global Compact Learning Forum Meeting in Belo Horizonte, Nova Lima, Brazil, December 2003 Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator 18. Shaping the future by walking together: Novo Nordisks promotion of human rights and good environmental management, with specific reference to an evaluation of suppliers in 2002/2003 Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator, and Annette Stube, Novo Nordisk Part 5: The unfolding world of the UN Global Compact 19. Responsible excellence pays Claude Fussler 20. The Global Compact as a new organisational form: a global action network Steve Waddell, Global Action Network Net, USA 21. Learning by doing: the Global Compact and the ethic of corporate citizenship James E. Post and Tanja D. Carroll, Boston University, USA 22. The living world of the UN Global Compact Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator 23. The UN Global Compact Cities Programme. The Melbourne Model: solving the hard urban issues together David Teller, Committee for Melbourne, Australia 24. The Global Compact: promoting convergence in corporate responsibility Deborah Leipziger, Consultant, Corporate Responsibility Part 6: Taking off 25. The Global Compact: selected experiences and reflections Georg Kell, UN Global Compact 26. Vision and action: the possibilities of action research Gill Coleman, University of Bath, UK 27. The future Malcolm McIntosh, Independent Commentator, Sandra Waddock, Boston College, USA, and Georg Kell, UN Global Compact Appendix A: The Millennium Development Goals Appendix B: The Global Compact Advisory Council Appendix C: Global Reporting Initiative indicators for progress on the UN Global Compact Appendix D: Results of the consultation process on the introduction of a principle against corruption Bibliography

Business Unusual: Corporate Responsibility in a 2.0 World

The imperatives of a growing consensus on human‐induced causes of climate change, an increasing gap between rich and poor, and the misguided incentives in the economic, business, and financial models that dominated the last quarter of the twentieth century and first decade of the twenty‐first century along with the emergence of Web 2.0s transparency have highlighted the need for a new approach to capitalism. Looking around the world, we can witness the emergence of numerous new forms of enterprise that are part of a broader movement that we are calling change to a sustainable enterprise economy (SEE Change). This article details the broad outlines of the emerging shift, highlighting the new types of enterprise that constitute the SEE. First, we set the context in which business unusual is evolving, a context of “wicked problems”uncertainty, and sustainability problems. Then we provide an overview of new types of enterprises that are already emerging to cope with these changes, enterprises of the cloud (interlinked, web‐based enterprises that rely on the “cloud” of computers that store data such as social media, eBay, and Google). Next, we outline how such enterprises are permitting processes of dematerialization and “servicization” (the shift from product to services) to create new forms of enterprise that are less dependent on physical resources. From here, we explore what we term enterprise unusual, corporations that incorporate pro‐social goals into their very essence, for example, for‐benefit corporations, the B Corporation, and conscious capitalism companies, along with a few entities that are shaping their product development along the lines of biomimicry. All of this change, we argue, has created a blurring of sector boundaries evidenced in the rapid emergence of social enterprise, of which explore a variety of types, and what is being called the fourth sector, where business purpose and pro‐social activity are combined.

Towards CSR and the sustainable enterprise economy in the Asia Pacific region

Purpose – This study aims to examine the uptake of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Asia Pacific region and to explore the extent to which countries in the region are transitioning towards a sustainable enterprise economy (SEE) and the links between the two, thereby connecting the uptake of CSR at the organisational level to the configuration and transformation of societies.Design/methodology/approach – In order to examine the uptake of CSR in the Asia Pacific region and assess the extent to which countries are transitioning towards the SEE, this study compiles data from a selection of CSR‐related indicators that are globally harmonised and globally recognised as well as national performance indicators that not only set the operational context for organisations but also help to measure the ultimate impacts of policies, practices and activities by organisations on national conditions.Findings – Based on the preliminary study undertaken into global national indicators in the Asia Pacific region,...

Pipeline to the Future: Seeking Wisdom in Indigenous, Eastern, and Western Traditions

In this chapter, we explore the ways in which the dominant wisdom, economic, and social traditions of the West can potentially integrate with some of the wisdom, economic, and social traditions of indigenous and Eastern cultures in the interest of creating a more complete understanding of links between wisdom, economics, and organizing. Western thinking tends to be based not only on a modality of constant growth but also on a worldview that is based on linear thinking and atomization and fragmentation of wholes into parts as paths that lead to understanding. These ways of thinking have resulted in the West’s putting economics, materialism, consumerism, and markets ahead of other types of values and issues. In contrast, many indigenous and Eastern traditions offer a more holistic, relationally based set of perspectives that might provide better balance in approaching issues of work, economics, and organization. Indigenous wisdom traditions, illustrated through African, Chinese, Indian, Islamic, Japanese, Māori, and Native American worldviews, offer insights into a worldview of relatedness where foundational values inform members of society on how to lead a wise life through serving others, including the environment. We believe that by integrating the perspective of wisdom traditions that offer these more holistic, interconnected, and nature-based views of the world, Western traditions could be more appreciative of the intrinsic worth and ontological differences of people and environment and that such perspectives can be very useful in our globally connected, interdependent, and, in many ways, currently unsustainable world. We offer this synthesis as a beginning of that conversation.

Re‐visiting the world and co‐creating a future

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the rethinking what it means to be human and our relationship with the Earth.Design/methodology/approach – The principles of the new economy were systemic, Earth‐centric and directly addressed a range of issues facing life on Earth: climate change, population, resource use, the global commons, governance, management and education.Findings – In order to revisit the world and therefore co‐create a new future we need to adopt clear principles.Originality/value – The paper argues that “CSR is dead” and at the same time say: “long live the sustainable enterprise economy”.