Małgorzata Luc

Approaches in Sustainable ‘Landscaping’—A Geographical Perspective

The review of recent publications in the field of sustainability of a landscape reveals a series of problematic issues within planning, ecological, multifunctional and visual dimensions, which make the results of the research incomparable and inapplicable. The article aims to arrange them in a conceptual framework. It looks from a geographical perspective at the idea of ‘landscaping’ as a complex system of activities leading to structural, functional and cultural changes towards sustainability. Finally, I try to answer some crucial questions in this field associated with (1) a contradiction of the idea of sustainability , (2) different approaches presenting varying scientific interests and research profiles, discrepancies in ideas and methodology, (3) the understanding of the structure, function and cultural and aesthetic aspects of a subject area, and (4) landscapes evaluation in terms of sustainability in planning and management, as well as their application requirements.

Should Renaturalised and Recultivated Landscapes Appear in Landscape Typology

Abstract Landscapes constantly change under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors. They can be destructive as well as leading to regeneration of landscapes which have been imbalanced. When this process occurs in a natural or human-controlled manner with the use of natural elements of the environment, it is called renaturalisation, and the resulting landscape - renaturalised landscape. Where landscape restitution occurs under the purposeful, sustainable and rational human influence, we talk of the recultivation process and the resulting landscape is termed recultivated. Examples of both of these terms added to landscape classification have been described based on several quarries existing within the City of Krakow.

E-turystyka natywna szansą rozwoju przedsiębiorczości wśród społeczności lokalnych

Native tourism as an individual and non-institutionalized, non-formalized form of exploring the world belongs to the modern trends of tourism development, including sustainable tourism, ethnic tourism or slow tourism. This type of tourism has, among other things, designed to promote the economic development of local communities and refers to the policy of pro-poor tourism. Tools commonly used in e-tourism became also useful for native tourist services. The combination of these two trends in tourism: native tourism and e-tourism, may become the basis for the development of online information systems within native e-tourism. Such systems, from their nature, could help in the realization of individual and qualified tourists’ needs and interests as well as in facilitating the dissemination of offers by local suppliers of various, niche types of tourist services. The article is a key study and describes the concept of the Native E-Tourism and its relation to other forms of sustainable tourism. It also shows principles of the ETNOS portal – one of the pioneer Internet portals in native e-tourism that helps in diffusion of a not new but modified concept in tourism.

Applying Native e-Tourism to Support the Development of SustainableTourism

Sustainability is a commonly desirable concept also in individual, non institutionalised tourism, since its main objective is progress, and sustainability provides an opportunity for correct and reasonable management. Our proposition of creating native e-tourism fits into this system perfectly as it arose from the combination of native, ethnic tourism and electronic tools (e-tourism) and is very close to slow and responsible tourism. Native e-tourism promotes an approach of giving a chance for local communities to become a service provider without any intermediate party in a well-known environment they have a strong connection with. This paper, by proposing an idea of a native e-tourism, is a contribution to a theoretical discussion on a tourism typology and the definition of sustainable tourism. The authors try to find a solution to a problem of integrity of sustainability, the customer’s interests, efficiency requirements and local society’s vision of development; and to prove that a single, native supplier with the use of electronic technology may create a system of private enterprise and remain sustainable in their operations. The publication is a case study, an incorporation of theory into applied work and takes part in a discussion on the contemporary and future trends in tourism.

Renaturalized and Recultivated Landscapes as a Result of Sustainable Landscape Management

Polish literature in the field of landscape architecture and geoecology describes several stages of landscape changes depending on the proportion of natural and anthropogenic elements. In order of increasing impact of anthropopression on the environment, these are: (1) primary landscape, (2) natural landscape, (3a) cultural harmonic landscape, (3b) cultural dysharmonious landscape, (3c) cultural degraded landscape, and (4) devastated landscape. The first three, in line with the pronciples of sustainable landscape, can be considered sustainable landscape. One of the goals of landscape management is restoration of balance within it. This occurs through processes of renaturalisation and efforts towards recultivation. They result in the creation of renaturalized and recultivated landscape. These landscapes can be included in the category of sustainable landscape. Examples of landscape management leading to renaturalized and recultivated landscapes have been described and include areas of disused quarries within the city of Krakow.