Mandyam Kumaraswamy Reddy

Hormone receptor status (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor), human epidermal growth factor-2 and p53 in South Indian breast cancer patients: A tertiary care center experience

Breast cancer, in India, is the second commonest cancer in females. Receptor status with ER/PR/Her 2 is now routinely done in patients with invasive carcinoma. The tumour suppressor gene, p53, is also present in most breast cancers. Proteins produced by a mutated p53 gene, accumulate in the nucleus of tumour cells and are detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We have undertaken this study with the aim to evaluate the ER, PR, HER-2 and p53 expressions in invasive breast carcinomas by IHC and to compare the HER-2 expression with various clinicopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective single institutional study from January 2001 to December 2010, 389 cases of histopathologically diagnosed infiltrating carcinoma of breast were evaluated taking into account various parameters like age, tumour size, grade, lymph node involvement, ER and PR. HER-2 and p53 was done in 352 cases. Results: The age range was 23-90 years with a mean of 50.7 years. Majority of tumours were T2 (79.6%) and Grade II (60.9%). Our data showed overall 47.6% ER, 48.8% PR, 29.6% HER-2 and 69.2% p53 positivity. There was no significant correlation between HER-2 and age, tumour size, lymph node status, ER, and PR. There was significant correlation between HER-2 and tumour grade (P = 0.031), p53 (P < 0.001). There was no inverse correlation between HER-2 and combined ER, PR status. Triple-negative breast cancers which constituted 22.7% of our cases did not reveal any correlation with various parameters. Conclusion: In our study, ER status was low, and incidence of p53 was high. These findings suggest that many of the tumours in Indian females may be of an aggressive type, and novel treatment approaches may be tried. We conclude that the assessment of all four markers is desirable.

Multiple primary cancers: An enigma.

Background: Incidence of multiple primary cancers though uncommon, is being frequently reported now-a-days owing to better diagnostic techniques, the prolonged life span and the increased incidence of long-term survival of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study. Cases of multiple malignancies diagnosed histopathologically were retrieved from the archives of department of surgical oncology. Clinical data were obtained from the medical records. They were categorized as synchronous malignancies if the interval between them was less or equal to 6 months and metachronous, if the interval was more than 6 months. Results: A total of 13 cases were encountered in the 5 year study period. Out of them two were in the metachronous category and the rest were synchronous as the 2nd malignancy was detected mostly during clinical evaluation of the patients for the primary malignancy. There was female predominance with age range being 43-68 years. Majority of the cases were in the 7th decade. The most common organ involved was breast, followed by cervix. Apart from bilateral breast malignancies, there were combinations like breast with uterine endometrial carcinoma, cervical carcinoma and even papillary thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion: Detection of multiple primary malignancies is becoming increasingly common in day-to-day practice. Greater awareness of this is required among both cancer patients and their treating clinicians.

Submucous lipoma of sigmoid colon: a rare entity.

Sir, Lipoma of colon is a rare entity. So far to best of our knowledge, only 254 cases have been reported in the literature.[1] It may be asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic depending upon the size of the lesion (larger than 20 mm).[2] Though the diagnosis can be made easily at surgery or autopsy, but before that it may lead to many differential diagnostic problems, such as polypoidal carcinoma. We report a case of submucous lipoma sigmoid colon in a woman who underwent left hemicolectomy with clinical suspicion of malignancy.

An unusual case of bilateral hydroureteronephrosis caused by uretero-vesico malakoplakia in a young male: a case report and review of the literature

IntroductionMalakoplakia is an unusual chronic inflammatory disease. Malakoplakia of the bladder and ureter is quite rare.Case presentationWe present a case of a young male diagnosed as malakoplakia of urinary bladder and ureter. He presented with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis. The patient underwent left ureterocystotomy. Again, he was admitted after a gap of ten years and with features of end stage renal disease.ConclusionThis rare case of urinary bladder and ureter malakoplakia in a young male is presented, to stress upon the fact that though it is a chronic inflammatory disease, yet its outcome over the years is dismal.

Unusual presentation of esophageal tuberculosis mimicking malignancy.

Sir, Tuberculosis of the esophagus is rare in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Esophageal tuberculosis usually occurs secondary to tuberculous infection of adjacent organs, such as lungs, larynx or mediastinum.[1] More cases of secondary tuberculosis of the esophagus have been reported compared with primary esophageal tuberculosis.[1] The diagnosis may be difficult as due to the lack of characteristic clinical features, imaging studies or laboratory findings. Even histology cannot always establish the diagnosis, usually leading to misdiagnosis as esophageal carcinoma. A 75-year-old man presented with complaints of fever and vomiting of 1-week duration. Fever was intermittent, not nocturnal and not associated with chills and rigor. The patient did not suffer from any immunological disorders, was not on any immunosuppressive drug, and did not have any prior history of tuberculosis. He noticed a scalp swelling of 4-day duration, measuring 1 × 1 cm and soft in consistency. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an excavating ulcer with undermined edges. The clinical suspicion was esophageal malignancy with probable scalp metastasis. Fine needle aspiration done from the scalp swelling yielded a pus-like material, the cytology smear of which showed acute and chronic inflammatory cells with epithelioid cell clusters and macrophages. Ziehl-Neelson stain demonstrated many acid-fast bacilli. Subsequently, the endoscopic biopsy specimen taken from the esophagus also revealed epithelioid granulomas. Esophageal tuberculosis has various presentations. It generally affects the middle-third of the esophagus around the carina and is usually caused by direct extension and spread from mediastinal structures. Symptoms such as dysphagia and retrosternal pain are the most common complaints.[1–3] Diagnosing esophageal tuberculosis can be difficult and is usually discovered during surgery. Esophageal tuberculosis is suspected in patients with pulmonary or systemic tuberculosis who later develop dysphagia. Delay in diagnosis and instituting appropriate therapy might induce severe complications.[3,4] Most cases can be successfully treated with antituberculous chemotherapy, even in the presence of fistulous tracts. The patient responded to treatment with antituberculous drugs. In conclusion, it is difficult to distinguish esophageal tuberculosis from malignancy on clinical findings alone. We report an unusual presentation of disseminated esophageal tuberculosis mimicking metastatic malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology demonstrating acid fast bacilli, along with histological demonstration of epitheloid granulomas on endoscopic specimens played an important role in diagnosing this case.

Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Meningiomas with Reference to Proliferative Markers p53 and Ki-67.

INTRODUCTION Meningiomas are slow growing primary central nervous system (CNS) tumours attached to the duramater, which arise from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid. Grading of meningioma based on histological findings assisted with supplementary immunohistochemical studies, predicts the prognosis of meningioma with good precision. AIM To evaluate proliferative markers and correlate with various histological subtypes and grade. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 224 meningiomas, diagnosed between January1995 and October 2011were graded according to WHO 2007 criteria. Immunostaining for p53 and Ki-67 markers were performed on 100 cases. RESULTS There was female predominance. There were 194 Grade I, 24 Grade II and 6 Grade III meningiomas. Brain invasion noted in 18(8%) meningiomas predominantly in grade III followed by grade II. Recurrence was seen in 7 (3.1%) cases, most common in psammomatous followed by angiomatous meningioma. Immunostaining showed p53 positivity in 72.5% of grade I, 83.3% of grade II and all the cases of grade III tumours. Ki-67 Labelling Index (LI) consistently increased from grade I to grade III tumours. CONCLUSION p53 and Ki-67 LI correlated well with increasing histological grade and biological behaviour of meningioma.

Should we apply suction during fine needle cytology of thyroid lesions? A prospective study of 200 cases.

INTRODUCTION Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a well-established first line diagnostic tool in evaluating palpable thyroid lesions. However, the technique depends on suction and thus is at times painful, sometimes traumatic and yield haemorrhagic material for cytological study. In more recent times, a modified technique called fine needle sampling without aspiration (FNS) has come into vogue which obviates the use of suction and therefore is more patient friendly. AIMS/OBJECTIVES To investigate whether fine needle sampling without aspiration (FNS) gives quantitatively and qualitatively superior cytologic material as compared to the conventional technique of fine needle aspiration (FNAC) in thyroid lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS It is a prospective study of 200 cases carried out in the Department of Pathology during two years period. Both techniques were executed on the same thyroid swelling / nodule in the same clinical session beginning with FNS followed by FNAC. The observation recorded by two pathologists were based on the scoring system proposed by Mair et al., Statistical analysis was done by Students paired t-test using SPSS 13 software. Observation/Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. The non-aspiration technique yielded less diagnostically adequate but more diagnostically superior smears when compared with aspiration technique. The average score per case was 5.31 by aspiration technique and 6.35 by non-aspiration technique. CONCLUSION Both the techniques have their own merits and demerits and neither is absolutely superior to the other. A combination of both the technique gives better result.

Solid and cystic papillary neoplasm of pancreas: A clinic-pathological and immunohistochemical study: A tertiary care center experience.

Background: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPT) is a rare tumor of low malignant potential, mostly described in young women. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study from January 2000 - December 2010, there were 50 pancreatic tumors. In this period, four SPTs were encountered, which were analyzed with respect to clinical, imaging, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. Results: There was a female preponderance with mean age of 22.2 years. Two of the tumors were located in head of the pancreas and two in the body and tail region. On imaging, majority were large cystic tumors. Histopathologically, they exhibited extensive necrosis and presence of pseudo papillae in viable areas. Immunohistochemically, they were positive for alpha-1-anti-trypsin, alpha-1-anti-chymotrypsin, vimentin, CD10, and CD99. Progesterone receptor and p53 exhibited mild positivity in all of the four cases, whereas neuron specific enolase (NSE), synaptophysin, and chromogranin showed focal positivity in one case. Conclusion: Despite its non-specific clinical, imaging, and even immunohistochemical features, characteristic gross and microscopic findings provide reliable diagnosis of SPTs.

Myxoid chondrosarcoma of sphenoid bone.

The myxoid variant of chondrosarcoma is usually seen in soft tissues where it is known as chordoid sarcoma or parachordoma. Rarely, it involves bone and when it does, cranial bones are the preferred location. This tumor is frequently amalgamated with the chondroid variant of chordoma, especially when the lesion occurs in the sphenoid bone/spheno-occipital region, because of their similar clinical presentations, anatomical locations, radiological findings, and mistaken histopathological features. It is essential to distinguish myxoid chondrosarcoma from the chondroid variant of chordoma, because of the different treatment protocol and prognostic importance. We present such a location-based diagnostic dilemma, solved successfully with ancillary immunohistochemistry.

Metastasis in central nervous system: Clinicopathological study with review of literature in a tertiary care center in South India

Background: Secondary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are common in Western countries, but in Indian literature, scant data are available. With the advent of newer imaging techniques, the confirmatory histopathological diagnosis has become comparatively easier. Hereby, we have analyzed our data from a single tertiary care center in south India. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study from January 2000 to December 2010, histopathologically diagnosed secondary CNS tumors were reviewed along with clinical, imaging, and relevant immunohistochemical findings. Meningeal, lymphoproliferative, and myeloproliferative tumors and autopsy data were not included in the study group. Results: There were 40 secondary CNS tumors. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1. Age range was wide (28-75 years). Majority of cases were seen in the fourth and fifth decade. Imaging-wise, (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) majority were single lesions (n = 34, 85%). Most commonly, these single lesions were present in the cerebral hemisphere (n = 20, 50%) followed by cerebellum (n = 10, 25%). Adenocarcinoma accounted for maximum number of cases (n = 25, 62.5%) with lungs being the most common primary. Conclusion: We have noted 25% metastatic adenocarcinomas in cerebellar location, which is higher when compared with available world literature. However, we also encountered a good number of cases (30%) due to unknown primary. Though histopathological examination with use of immunohistochemical markers can reliably distinguish primary from secondary CNS tumors in addition to available clinical and imaging data, particularly in developing countries, still a better work-up with an array of immunohistochemical markers and newer imaging modalities is desirable.