Mangai Natarajan

Varieties of Drug Trafficking Organizations: A Typology of Cases Prosecuted in New York City

This paper examines a sample of 39 drug trafficking organizations prosecuted in New York City federal courts. Using a new two-dimensional typology based on organizational structure and tasks/roles, a considerable variety of organizational types was found. This result has important implications for future research. In particular it suggests the need for caution in generalizing from the findings of single case studies. These studies need to be located in the broader framework provided by the typology. The typology also permits the systematic sampling of trafficking organizations for detailed study. This is particularly important for policy since interventions must be closely tailored to the nature of criminal enterprises.

Strategies to avoid arrest: crack sellers’ response to intensified policing

Interviews over 120 sellers and low‐level distributors of the drug “crack” in New York City. Documents seller strategies to counter police tactics. Finds that crack sellers and distributors have developed several important strategies to limit vulnerability to arrest, but that success in avoiding arrest diminishes considerably once they are detected by police. Suggests that problem‐oriented approaches are better than crackdowns, since they permanently disrupt the environmental conditions that foster drug market sites.

Suicide in India

Abstract The epidemiology of suicide in India from 1975-1994 was explored, with data on suicide rates by gender, the methods used for suicide, and the officially-recorded motives for suicide. In 1991, the Indian suicide rate was 9.2 per 100,000 per year, with a male rate of 10.6 and a female rate of 7.9. the most common methods for suicide are poisoning and hanging. The only predictor of the regional variation in Indian suicide rates was population density, while the time-series suicide rate was predicted by female participation in labor force and fertility.

Crack Abusers and Noncrack Abusers: Profiles of Drug Use, Drug Sales and Nondrug Criminality

Based on more than one thousand interviews with drug abusers in 1988 and 1989, the drug use patterns, selling behavior, and other crimes (robbery, burglary theft, etc.) of crack abusers are compared with those of heroin injectors, cocaine snorters, marijuana-only users, and nondrug users. Several striking differences in the frequency of crack use and dealing emerge among the various drug user types. Crack abusers were found to be using drugs at high rates and were receiving high incomes from drug sales and nondrug criminality. Among crack abusers, crack use greatly exceeded the cost and frequency of use of other specific drugs, which they were also consuming. For all user subgroups, crack selling was the most frequent crime and generated the largest cash income. Important patterns of polydrug use were found among most drug user groups. These findings have important implications for policies directed toward drug abusers.

Women Police in a Changing Society : Back Door to Equality

Contents: Preface Part I Women Police Worldwide: Women police and societal change 3 decades of research on women police: what has been learned? Part II Women Police in a Traditional Society: Women police in India Women police in Tamil Nadu. Part III Studies of Women Police in Tamil Nadu: Tamil Nadu women police in the 1980s Tamil Nadu all women police units - an assessment Women police in the battalions. Part IV Women Policing in a Changing Society: Reconciling the needs of the police, women officers and Tamil Nadu Prescriptions for 21st century women policing: theory, research and policy Bibliography Index.

Domestic violence among immigrants from India: What we need to know — and what we should do

Little research has been reported on domestic violence among Indian immigrant families in the United States. While one national survey suggests that this is not a major problem, several smaller scale studies that focus specifically on South Asian immigrants suggest there is a substantial hidden problem warranting attention. In order to assist future research, this paper presents an integrated theoretical model to explain domestic violence in Indian immigrant communities. The model draws on feminist theory, family violence research, acculturation theory and victimological and crime opportunity theories. The model also provides a framework for thinking about possible intervention strategies. Those likely to provide more immediate benefits are discussed.

International crime and justice

International crime and justice is an emerging field that covers international and transnational crimes that have not been the focus of mainstream criminology or criminal justice. This book examines the field from a global perspective. It provides an introduction to the nature of international and transnational crimes and the theoretical perspectives that assist in understanding the relationship between social change and crime opportunities resulting from globalization, migration, and culture conflicts. Written by a team of world experts, International Crime and Justice examines the central role of victims’ rights in the development of legal frameworks for the prevention and control of transnational and international crimes. It also discusses the challenges in delivering justice and obtaining international cooperation in efforts to deter, detect, and respond to these crimes. Arranged in nine parts, International Crime and Justice provides readers with an understanding of the main concepts relevant to the topic and the complex nature of the problems.

Women Police in a Traditional Society: Test of a Western Model of Integration

It has been argued that policewomen in traditional societies do not aspire to being fully integrated into mainstream policing, but may prefer a more restricted and segregated role. This thesis is examined in the context of policing in Tamil Nadu, a state of India. The present study uses data gathered through interviews and a standardized questionnaire, and focuses on the preferences expressed by women officers about roles and styles of policing. These preferences are compared with those of women interviewed in earlier research in India and other countries. It is concluded that, while progress to full integration in traditional societies may be slower, it seems to follow the same sequence of stages found in Western societies.

A Comparative Analysis of Women Policing in India

This study, which includes a comparison of American experience, focuses on women policing in India. Using a standardized survey questionnaire, data were collected from women officers on line duty in all district police departments in the State of Tamil Nadu, India, and in municipal and sheriffs departments in New Jersey. A discriminant analysis found important differences between the samples in the officers preferred roles, with more of the officers from Tamil Nadu preferring a traditional role. Other differences were also found between the samples in terms of deployment experience, career commitment, perceived interests and perceived capability in performing various tasks compared with male officers. These differences appeared to be due to both organizational and cultural factors.

Women Police Stations as a Dispute Processing System

Abstract In 1992, the Tamil Nadu State government in India began to introduce all-women police stations whose primary role is to deal with crimes against women, including family violence and dowry disputes. Dowry giving is a customary practice in India, which often results in disputes between young wives and their new families. As a result, the young women may be subjected to physical and mental ill treatment, sometimes resulting in death. Using detailed data from 474 case records and interviews with 60 dowry victims, the present study examines how women police stations serve as a dispute processing system, and describes the services extended by the stations to the victims of dowry disputes. Many cases were successfully resolved and violence was frequently reduced. The study holds implications for the extension of training in dispute resolution for women police in India.