Manildo Marcião de Oliveira

Bioconcentration and Acute Intoxication of Brazilian Freshwater Fishes by the Methyl Parathion Organophosphate Pesticide

Three species of freshwater Brazilian fishes (pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus; piavussu, Leporinus macrocephalus, and curimbatá, Prochilodus lineatus) were exposed to an acute dose of 5u2009ppm methyl parathion organophosphate pesticide. Three to five individuals per species were exposed, one at a time, to 40 liters tap water spiked with Folidol 600. Pesticide concentrations and cholinesterase (ChE) activities were evaluated in serum, liver, brain, heart, and muscle. The bioconcentration of methyl parathion was similar for all studied fishes. Brain tissue showed the highest pesticide concentration, reaching 80u2009ppm after exposure for 30u2009min to methyl parathion. Three to 5 hours of 5u2009ppm methyl parathion exposure provoked the death of all P. lineatus at 92% brain AChE inhibition, whereas fish from the other two species survived for up to 78 hours with less than 80% brain AChE inhibition. Our results indicate that acute toxic effects of methyl parathion to fish are correlated with brain AChE sensitivity to methyl paraoxon.

Presença de microcistina durante eventos de florações de microalgas na Lagoa de Araruama

Algal blooms are phenomena produced by anthropogenic activities, despitexa0the possible natural causes. In Araruama Lagoon, blooms occurred in 2005 and inxa0subsequent years, causing profound changes in phytoplankton communities. Thesexa0episodes triggered events of extensive fish mortality associated with low levels ofxa0dissolved oxygen. Another adverse effect associated with blooms is the production ofxa0harmful toxins such as phycotoxins produced by eukaryotic microalgae and cyanotoxinsxa0produced by cyanobacteria. Samples of fish (mullet and menhaden) and seston showedxa0levels of microcystin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also a sestonxa0sample (Sao Pedro dAldeia on 08/22/2007), in a period not related to fish mortality,xa0showed cells which contained genes encoding microcystin synthetase, an enzymexa0responsible for the synthesis of microcystin. The succession of microalgae with thexa0concomitant presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria draws attention to the risk ofxa0chronic exposure by the population that uses fish as their main protein source.

Presence of microcystin during events of algal blooms in Araruama Lagoon

Algal blooms are phenomena produced by anthropogenic activities, despite the possible natural causes. In Araruama Lagoon, blooms occurred in 2005 and in subsequent years, causing profound changes in phytoplankton communities. These episodes triggered events of extensive fish mortality associated with low levels of dissolved oxygen. Another adverse effect associated with blooms is the production of harmful toxins such as phycotoxins produced by eukaryotic microalgae and cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria. Samples of fish (mullet and menhaden) and seston showed levels of microcystin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), also a seston sample (Sao Pedro dAldeia on 08/22/2007), in a period not related to fish mortality, showed cells which contained genes encoding microcystin synthetase, an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of microcystin. The succession of microalgae with the concomitant presence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria draws attention to the risk of chronic exposure by the population that uses fish as their main protein source.

The importance of an efficient extraction protocol for the use of fish muscle cholinesterases as biomarkers

Esterase activity found in muscle extracts is useful to evaluate harmful effects of anticholinesterase pollutants. Yet, most procedures applied in the extraction of fish muscle esterases in order to investigate their activity as a biomarker of environmental exposure comprise the homogenization of muscle tissue in low-salt solutions, followed by centrifugation to separate the supernatant as the enzyme source. However, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the main target in these monitoring efforts, is a membrane-bound protein and is only present in muscle extracts if homogenization is carried out using chaotropic high-salt solutions. In this context, four extraction procedures using muscle tissue from six fish species were evaluated in order to establish a reproducible and reliable AChE assay for the determination of this biomarker. Results indicate that over 80% of AChE activity might be lacking in low-salt supernatants, and that the highest activities are obtained after extraction with solutions containing either 1molL-1 NaCl or 1molL-1 NaCl plus 3% Triton X-100, preserving almost 100% esterase activity over acetylthiocholine as substrate after centrifugation. Thus, many studies in the literature suffer from theoretical flaws and report erroneous AChE activity, since typical muscle AChE activity, the end-point biomarker for anticholinesterase pollutants, may have not been consistently assayed.

Biomarcadores como ferramentas na avaliação da qualidade do pescado contaminado com metais traço

Trace metals that present toxicity to vertebrates are cause of concern in environmental monitoring programs due to impact caused by anthropogenic activity. The distribution of these elements is found in different settings: water, sediment and biota. Metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr are related to significant environmental damage, which can contaminate man, primarily by fish consumption. Some biomarkers can be applied via an impact approach, and risk assessment for populations of species susceptible to exposure and toxic effects of trace metals. Acetylcholinesterase, metallothionein, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, and the micronucleus test can be used together as biomarkers for aquatic organisms that are exposed or affected by toxic metals. The CONAMA Resolution 357/2005 of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment and the Ordinance 2914/2011 fromxa0 Ministry of Health set limits for these toxic metals in surface and drinking water respectively. However, it still does not require the determination of chemical species, relative to the bioavailability produced in different arrays, neither to sublethal effects, evaluated by biomarkers, of these metals on aquatic organisms. The purpose of this review is to present the biomarkers (genetic and biochemical) as tools to aid assessment of the quality of fish.

Qualidade das águas da Lagoa do Taí, em São João da Barra, RJ

The Environmental Protection Area of Grussai has been planned within the region of the Porto do Acu, onsisting of the following lagoons: Iquipari, Salgada, Grussai, and Tai. This study was conducted in the Lagoa do Tai, 5th district of Sao Joao da Barra, RJ, and aimed to evaluate its water quality through physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses from July to December 2012. The evaluation was performed on temporal and spatial scale. We evaluated the following parameters: DO, BOD, E. coli, turbidity, pH and total hosphorus. Of the six parameters evaluated against the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05, only the total phosphorus averaged nonconforming.

Water quality of the Lagoa do Taí in São João da Barra, RJ

The Environmental Protection Area of Grussai has been planned within the region of the Porto do Acu, consisting of the following lagoons: Iquipari, Salgada, Grussai, and Tai. This study was conducted in the Lagoa do Tai, 5th district of Sao Joao da Barra, RJ, and aimed to evaluate its water quality through physical, chemical, and microbiological analyses from July to December 2012. The evaluation was performed on temporal and spatial scale. We evaluated the following parameters: DO, BOD, E. coli, turbidity, pH and total phosphorus. Of the six parameters evaluated against the limits established by CONAMA Resolution 357/05, only the total phosphorus averaged nonconforming.

Biomarkers as tools in quality assessment of fish contaminated with trace metals

Resumo Metais traco que apresentem toxicidade aos vertebrados sao alvo de preocupacao por parte dos programas de monitoramento ambiental em funcao do impacto causado por acao da atividade antropica. A distribuicao destes elementos se diferencia nas matrizes: agua, sedimento e biota. Metais como Pb, Cd, Hg, As e Cr sao relacionados a importantes danos ambientais, podendo contaminar o homem principalmente por consumo de pescado. Alguns biomarcadores podem ser aplicados na abordagem de impacto e avaliacao de riscos para populacoes de especies suscetiveis a exposicao e efeito dos metais traco toxicos. A acetilcolinesterase, a metalotioneina, o acido delta aminolevulinico desidratase e o ensaio de micronucleo podem ser utilizados em conjunto como biomarcadores quando organismos aquaticos sao expostos ou afetados por metais toxicos. A resolucao 357/2005 do CONAMA no Ministerio do Meio Ambiente e a Portaria 2914/2011 do Ministerio da Saude estabelecem limites maximos desses metais toxicos em agua superficial e agua de consumo humano respectivamente. Entretanto, ainda nao se exige a determinacao das especies quimicas, relevante a biodisponibilidade produzida nas diferentes matrizes, nem sobre os efeitos subletais, avaliados pelos biomarcadores, destes metais nos organismos aquaticos. A proposta desta revisao e apresentar os biomarcadores (bioquimicos e geneticos) como ferramentas auxiliares na avaliacao da qualidade de pescado. Palavras-chave: Metais traco. Biomarcadores. Peixe.

Análise físico-química e microbiológica de água transportadas de modo alternativo ao consumo de comunidades rurais do 5º e 6º distritos de São João da Barra, RJ

People from the 5th and 6th districts of the city of Sao Joao da Barra, RJ, use water from alternative sources. This study determined the microbiological contamination of public schools and tanks in strategic locations in the communities, and related it to the physicochemical quality of the water stored according to Ordinance 518 and guidelines by the WHO. Samples were collected from 18 tanks in public schools, and one in an annex school in 18 communities for analysis of: pH, turbidity, total chlorine, free chlorine, fluoride, iron, manganese, and total coliforms and thermotolerant. All samples had at least one parameter at odds with potability standards.

Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of water alternatively transported for rural consumption in the 5th and 6th district of São João da Barra, RJ

People from the 5th and 6th districts of the city of Sao Joao da Barra, RJ, use water from alternative sources. This study determined the microbiological contamination of public schools and tanks in strategic locations in the communities, and related it to the physicochemical quality of the water stored according to Ordinance 518 and guidelines by the WHO. Samples were collected from 18 tanks in public schools, and one in an annex school in 18 communities for analysis of: pH, turbidity, total chlorine, free * Professora da rede Estadual de Ensino do Rio de Janeiro ** Aguas do Paraiba *** Professora da rede Estadual de Ensino do Rio de Janeiro **** Professora do Colegio Eucaristico ***** UENF ****** Professor do Instituto Federal Fluminense Campus Cabo Frio – Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ – Brasil ******* Instituto Federal Fluminense Campus Campus Centro – UPEA – Prof.D.Sc.Engenharia Agricola – Orientador DOI: 10.5935/2177-4560.20130004 50 Tâmmela Cristina Gomes Nunes et al. Boletim do Observatorio Ambiental Alberto Ribeiro Lamego, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, v. 7 n. 1, p. 49-67, jan. / jun. 2013 chlorine, fluoride, iron, manganese, and total coliforms and thermotolerant. All samples had at least one parameter at odds with potability standards.